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South Florida Aquatic Environments About the Different Groups of Fishes About the Anatomy of Fish and Sharks How Fish and Sharks Swim About Fish Adaptations About the Endangered Species Act How to Become a Biologist About Careers In Ichthyology Most Commonly Asked Shark Questions Most Commonly Asked Sawfish Questions Most Commonly Asked Ray and Skate Questions Most Commonly Asked Fish Questions Identification Key to Freshwater Fishes of Peninsular Florida Field Key to Sharks Skates of the Western Gulf of Maine Project Shark Awareness - A Public Outreach Educational Program Shark Fishing in U.S. Territorial Waters Most Commonly Asked Sawfish Questions Sawfish In Peril - PowerPoint file Sawfish Informational Brochure - Acrobat file Sawfish Outreach Boat Ramp/Marina Sign - Acrobat file Sawfish In The News Sawfish References Sawfish Links Smalltooth Sawfish species profile Largetooth Sawfish species profile Green Sawfish species profile Freshwater Sawfish species profile Dwarf Sawfish species profile Knifetooth Sawfish species profile Chondrichthyes Bibliography Search Freshwater Fishes of Florida References General Fish References Shark References Sawfish References Childrens' Shark Books Stingray Reproduction References Biological Profiles Glossary of Terms Shark Games: Test Your Knowlege! 2003 Open House Photos BARNDOOR SKATE Order - Rajiformes Family - Rajidae Genus - Dipturus Species - laevis Taxonomy The barndoor skate was described in 1818 by Mitchill with the original combination of Raja laevis. The scientific name was later changed to the currently valid name Dipturus laevis. The genus name, Dipturus, is derived from the Greek words, di, meaning two, and pteryx, meaning fin. Raja, the original genus of Dipturus laevis, which was coined by Linnaeus in 1758, is still recognized as a valid subgenus. Common Names The common name in the English language include barndoor skate, barn-door skate, and barn-door winter skate. Other language common names include deurrog (Dutch), grande raie (French), and ladeportsrokke (Danish). Geographical Distribution The barndoor skate is the largest skate residing in waters along the Atlantic coast of North America. Its northernmost border includes the banks of Newfoundland, the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the outer coast of Nova Scotia. To the south, the barndoor skate inhabits areas as far as the northeast coast Florida (US). During the warmer summer and autumn months, the barndoor skate moves offshore, returning to inshore waters in the winter and spring. World distribution map for the barndoor skate Habitat The barndoor skate can be found on various types of ocean bottom including soft muddy, sandy, and rocky bottoms. It can be found from shoreline to, though it is most abundant at depths less than 492 feet (150 m), depths of up to 2,460 feet (750 m). The broad temperature range in which the barndoor skate lives and breeds, from just above freezing to 68°F (20°C), can account for the depth distribution of the species. Though the barndoor skate has been found in brackish water where the salinity is 21 to 24 parts per thousand (ppt), it prefers salinity between 31 and 35 ppt. Biology Barndoor skate: ventral and dorsal views Bigelow and Schroeder (1948) FNWA · Distinctive Features The broad disk of the barndoor skate has sharply angled corners and a pointed snout. The front edges of the skate's disk are concave and its dorsal fins are close together. The posterior disk corners are rounded and the tail is moderately short. The barndoor skate can be distinguished from other skates by a straight line that begins at the snout and ends at the anterior margin of the outer corner of the disk, but does not intersect the disk. · Coloration The upper surface of the barndoor skate is brown to reddish brown. This surface is marked with darker spots and blotches, along with lighter streaks and reticulations. In particular, the center of each pectoral fin is marked with an oval spot or blotch. The barndoor skate has a light, white to gray, lower surface. This surface is marked with gray blotches on the snout that are more numerous in larger individuals. Both surfaces contain darkly pigmented ampullar pores near the eyes, snout and on much of the anterior disk. Barndoor skate dentition: A. Upper teeth from center of a jaw from a female, B. Teeth from center of jaw from a male Bigelow and Schroeder (1948) FNWA ·Dentition The teeth of female and immature male barndoor skates are close-set and have rounded cusps. Teeth of mature males are widely spaced and arranged in rows, with sharp-pointed cusps. The upper jaw of this skate consists of 30- to 40-tooth rows and the rows of the lower jaw each contain between 28 and 38 teeth. ·Denticles Denticles are absent from small specimens of the barndoor skate. Larger specimens have relatively small thorns on anterior and posterior orbital rims and along the midline and in a line along the lateral aspect of the tail and between the dorsal fins. Mature females also possess dermal denticles on the head and shoulders, and along the dorsal midbelt of the disk and tail. The thorns are absent from the dorsal midline of the disk and from the shoulder region of the skate to the base of the tail. ·Size, Age, and Growth The barndoor skate is one of the largest skates in the north Atlantic Ocean. It is long-lived and slow growing. Reportedly, one captured specimen measured nearly 59 inches (150 cm) TL and weighed almost 40 pounds (18.0 kg). There have been unconfirmed reports of specimens that have reached 71 inches (180 cm) TL. Studies show that a barndoor skate weighing 4-7 pounds (2-3 kg) averages a length of 28-30 inches (71-76 cm). Barndoor skates feed on a variety of prey including squid © Doug Perrine · Food Habits The prey of the barndoor skate consists mainly of fishes and invertebrates associated with the bottom. Such food items include polychaetes, gastropods, bivalve mollusks, squids, crustaceans and fishes. Small individuals subsist on benthic invertebrates such as polychaetes, copepods, amphipods, isopods, crangon shrimp, and euphausiids. Larger specimens are capable of capturing larger and more active prey, including razor clams, large gastropods, squids, cancer crabs, spider crabs, lobsters and fishes. Garman noticed that many times, the thorns on the snout of barndoor skates are worn smooth, as though the snout is used to dig in the mud or sand to obtain bivalve mollusks. · Reproduction The barndoor skate is oviparous, meaning it lays eggs from which the young hatch. The skate becomes sexually mature at 11 years of age and reproduction takes place over the entire range of the species. During mating it is known that a distinct pairing with embrace occurs; though this activity has not been studied extensively in this species. The barndoor skate deposits single fertilized eggs in the yellowish and greenish egg capsules in sandy or muddy flats. Incubation takes approximately 6 to 12 months. The smooth egg capsules of the skate are rectangular, with a short horn at each corner and fine filaments along the anterior and posterior margins. Though small specimens are rarely captured, hatchlings have been measured at (180-190 mm) TL. It has also been noted that young barndoor skates tend to follow large objects such as their mother. · Predators Due to the large size of the barndoor skate, large sharks are its only likely predator of adult barndoor skates. · Parasites The numerous parasites of this skate include turbellarians, trematodes, cestodes, nematodes and copepods. Importance to Humans The barndoor skate is one of five skates in the Gulf of Maine that has commercial value and is also considered a gamefish. It is often captured in commercial trawling nets such as otter and scallop trawls. There is also a directed fishery for dogfish and skates on the Georges Bank which has resulted in the decline of this species. The flesh is used as bait, fish meal, pet food, and meat from its wings is sold for human consumption. Danger to Humans Barndoor skates are considered harmless to humans. Conservation Intensive trawling has threatened the barndoor skate with extinction, mainly through by-catch in multi-species fisheries. Also, shallow water populations have been severely overfished because skates have been targeted as a more valuable species to harvest. Fisheries independent studies by the National Marine Fisheries Service indicate a peak abundance in the early 1960s, declining to a low in the 1980s. From the mid 1960s to the 1990s, barndoor skates declined 96-99% with 400 miles of the center of its longitudinal range on the southern shelf. In the 1990s, fishing effort has declined in shallow areas of barndoor skate habitat and the number of juveniles is increasing in no-take zones on Georges Bank and Southern New England shelf as well as adjacent areas to the north and south. The barndoor skate is currently a prohibited species in US waters while the biomass is slowly recovering from its overfished condition. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) has listed the barndoor skate as "Endangered" on the Red List. Prepared by: Mary Jane Wettstein