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The genus name Echinorhinus is derived from the Greek echinos meaning "sea urchin, hedgehog" and from rhinos meaning "nose". Synonyms used in past scientific literature include Echinorhinus spinosus Gmelin 1789, Squalus spinosus Gmelin 1789, Echinorhinus obesus Smith 1838, and Echinorhinus mccoyi Whitley 1931. Common Names English language common names include bramble shark, mango-tara, spinous shark, and spiny shark. Common names in other languages include achinoskylopsaro (Greek), Alligatorhai (German), Braamhaai (Afrikaans/Dutch), Brombeerhai (German), chenille (French), civili köpek baligi (Turkish), kalb (Arabic), karcharias (Greek), kavouromana (Greek), kikuzame (Japanese), murruna tal-fosos (Maltese), murruna tax-xewk (Maltese), murruna xewwikija (Maltese), Nagelhai (German), okahai (Finnish), peixe-prego (Portuguese), peshkagen therrës (Albanian), pex tachuela (Spanish), pez clavo (Spanish), pez tachuela (Spanish), prego (Portuguese), rekin kolczasty (Polish), ronco (Italian), rubioca (Spanish), squale bouclé (French), stachelhai (German), sømhaj (Danish), tagghaj (Swedish), tiburón de clavos (Spanish), tubarâo-prego (Portuguese), and tubarão-prego (Portuguese). Geographical Distribution There have been five reports of the bramble shark in the western North Atlantic Ocean region. These range from Cape Cod, off the Virginia coast, and the northern Gulf of Mexico. In the eastern Atlantic, this shark has been observed from the North Sea Southward to Ivory Coast, including the Mediterranean Sea. This species is also known in the south Atlantic from Argentina in the west and from Namibia to the Cape of Good Hope in the east. Elsewhere they have been caught in the Indian Ocean and in the western Pacific Ocean. World distribution map for the bramble shark Habitat The bramble shark is primarily a deepwater, bottom-dwelling shark that are found on deeper portions of the continental shelf and upper slope. The recorded depth range is 60-2,950 feet (18-900 m), however they are much more common at depths greater than 650 feet (200 m). It is considered a rather sluggish shark. Biology Bramble shark FAO · Distinctive Features The body of the bramble shark is stout, soft and flabby with a cylindrical trunk. The snout is short and depressed and the gill openings are large, especially the fifth. Large denticles cover the ventral side of the snout. The mouth is broadly arched with short labial folds. The nostrils are widely spaced apart and have short anterior flaps. Spiracles are present posterior to the eyes. There are two equally sized, spineless dorsal fins located far back on the body, just posterior to the origin of the pelvic fin. Precaudal pits are present; the caudal fin lacks a subterminal notch. There is no anal fin present. Ventral view of the bramble shark's head FAO This shark may be confused with the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) but differ in having: (1) the first dorsal located just behind the origin of the pelvic fins (instead of about midway between the latter and the pectorals), (2) a very different tail shape, (3) large thornlike denticles, (4) larger gill openings, and (5) teeth that are similarly shaped in the two jaws (instead of unlike). · Coloration This deepwater shark is dark gray, olive, purple, black, or brown with metallic reflections on the dorsal side. It occasionally has darker blotches. Ventrally, it is pale brown or gray to white. The denticles have been described as luminescent, however there are no special luminous organs. · Dentition The multicuspid teeth are similar in both jaws. Each is strongly compressed with a single cusp and up to three cusplets. These cusplets are lacking in juveniles. The teeth are curved toward the corners of the jaws, forming a cutting blade. The upper jaw contains 20-26 teeth while the lower jaw has 22-26 teeth. Bramble shark denticles FAO · Dermal Denticles The bramble shark has skin that is thin and delicate. The body and fins are irregularly covered with large to small bucklers. Single bucklers have round bases and radiating ridges and are conically-shaped. Often a series of two or more bucklers coalesce to form large plates (15-25 mm) with multiple cusps. Large denticles are located ventral of the snout. · Size, Age & Growth The maximum reported size of the bramble shark is 3.1m total length (TL). Males mature at 4.9-5.7 feet (1.50-1.74 m) and females at 7-7.5 feet (2.13-2.30 m). Total length-weights at selected sizes include 11.8 inches (embryo)/0.24 pounds, 59 inches/44 pounds, 63 inches/64 pounds, 67 inches/99 pounds, 85 inches/172 pounds, and 100 inches/300 pounds (30 cm (embryo)/110 g, 150 cm/20 kg, 162 cm/29 kg, 170 cm/45 kg, 216 cm/78.2 kg, and 254 cm/136 kg). · Food Habits Bramble sharks eat a variety of bony fishes, small sharks, and crabs. · Reproduction This shark has an ovoviviparous reproductive mode. The females have 15-24 pups per litter which each measure 15.7-19.7 inches (40-50 cm) total length. The reproductive cycle and gestation period are unknown for this species. · Predators Potential predators include large fish and sharks residing in the same habitats and depths as the bramble shark. · Parasites There are no available detailed studies on parasites of the bramble shark. Importance to Humans The bramble shark is sometimes caught by anglers as a gamefish. It may be used in traditional medicine in southern Africa as well as processed into fishmeal. Danger to Humans The bramble shark is harmless to humans. Conservation According to the World Conservation Union (IUCN), the bramble shark is a rare deepwater shark which has only been recorded sporadically and usually solitarily at widely dispersed localities throughout the world. Although very little is known about its life history, it is likely to be a slow-growing, late-maturing species. It is not taken in commercial fisheries due to the depth at which it occurs, however there is some published data on the decline of this species in the northeast Atlantic in recent times. At the present time, there is a lack of data to assess the conservation status of the bramble shark. This shark is currently categorized as "Data Deficient" by the IUCN. Since it is taken, although infrequently, as fisheries bycatch, along with its probable limiting life history characteristics, the bramble shark may well meet the criteria for the "Threatened" category as more data becomes available. Prepared by: Cathy Bester and George Burgess