This bibliography is an initial attempt at providing a listing of publications dealing with the thirteen species of elasmobranchs addressed at the International Pelagic Shark Workshop held at the Asilomar Conference Center in Pacific Grove, California on 14-17 February 2000. While not considered inclusive, it likely includes the most frequently cited references involving the targeted species.

The acronyms utilized in designating species addressed in each citation are:


Aasen, O. 1964. Length and growth of the porbeagle (Lamna nasus, Bonnaterre) in the North West Atlantic. Rep. Norw. Fish. Mar. Invest. 13(6): 20-37. [LN].

Aasen, O. 1966. Blåhaiem, Prionace glauca (Linnaeus 1758). Fisken Og Havet. 11-16. [PG].

Aflalo, F.G. 1898. A sketch of the Natural History (Vertebrates) of the British Islands. Edinburgh & London, Blackwood, xiv + 498. [PG].

Ainley, D.G., Henderson, R.P., Huber, H.R., Boekelheide, R.J., Allen, S.G. and McElroy, T.L. 1985. Dynamics of white shark/pinniped interactions in the Gulf of the Farallones. Mem. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 9: 109-122. [PG].

Ainley, D.G., Strong, C.S., Huber, H.R., Lewis, T.J. and Morrell, S.H. 1980. Predation by sharks on pinnipeds at the Farallon Islands. Fish. Bull. (U.S.). 78(4): 941-945. [PG].

Aldrovandi, U. 1613. De Piscibus libri V, et de Cetis liber unus. Bononiae; vi + 732 + 28 pl. [PG].

Allen, G. 1997. Marine Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and South-east Asia. Western Australian Museum, 292 p. [PG CF CL IO AP]

Allen, T.B. 1999. The Shark Almanac. Lyons Press, 274. p. [AP AS AV IO IP LD LN CF CL CS PG].

Amorim, AF. 1992. Estudo do biologica da pesca e reproducão do cacão-azul, Prionace glauca L. 1758, capturado no sudeste e sul do Brasil. São Paulo: UNESP, 205 pp. [PG].

Amorim, A.F. and Arfelli, C.A. 1993. Status of shark species off the Brazilian coast. Fourth Indo-Pacific Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, Programs and Abstracts of Papers. Bangkok, p. 64. [PG].

Anderson, E.D. 1980. MSY estimate of pelagic sharks in the Western North Atlantic: U.S. Dep. of Commerce, NOAA, NMFS, NEFC,Woods Hole Lab. Ref. Doc. No. 80-18, 13 pp. [IO]

Anderson, E.D. 1985. Analysis of various sources of pelagic shark catches in the Northwest and Western Central Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico with comments on catches of other large pelagics. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 31: 1-14. [PG LN IO CF].

Anderson, E.D. 1990. Estimates of large shark catches in the western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, 1960-1986. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 90: 443-454. [LN].

Anderson, E.D. 1990. Fishery models as applied to elasmobranch fisheries. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 90: 473-484. [LN].

Anderson, O.F., Bagley, N.W., Hurst, R.J., Francis, M.P., Clark, M.R. and McMillan, P.J. 1998. Atlas of New Zealand fish and squid distributions from research bottom trawls. NIWA Technical Report 42, 303 p. [AV].

Anderson, R.C. 1990. Summary results of the offshore fishing survey. Rasain 10: 126-130. [CF PG].

Anderson, R.C. and Ahmed, H. 1993. The shark fisheries in the Maldives. Republic of Maldives, Ministry of Fish. Agric., 73 p. [IO CF CL PG AS AV].

Anderson, R.C., Randall, J.E. and Kuiter, R.H. 1998. New records of fishes from the Maldive Islands, with notes on other species. Serial Publications of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology 67: 20-32. [AP].

Anderson, R.C. and Waheed, Z. 1999. Management of shark fisheries in the Maldives, pp. 367-401. In: Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/1. [AP, AS, AV, IO, CF, CL, PG].

Andriyashev, A.P. 1964. Fishes of the Northern Seas of the U.S.S.R. Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific Translations. 617 p. [LN].

Anon. 1995. Scotia-Fundy Spring 1995 Stock Status Report for Pelagics, Invertebrates and Marine Mammals. DFO Atl. Fish. Scotia-Fundy Reg. SSR 95/1. [PG LN IO].

Antunes, M.T. 1970. Presence de Alopias superciliosus (Lowe) dans les mers du Portugal remarques sur les Alopias (Selachii) recents et fossiles. Arq. Mus.Bocage 2(19): 363-378. [AS].

Applegate, S.P. 1966. A possible record-sized bonito shark, Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, from southern California. Calif. Fish Game 52(3): 204-207. [IO].

Applegate, S.P. 1977. A new record-sized bonito shark, Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, from southern California. Calif. Fish Game 63(2): 126-129. [IO].

Applegate, S.P., Soltelo-Macias, F. and Espinosa-Arrubarrena, L. 1993. An overview of Mexican shark fisheries, with suggestions for shark conservation in Mexico. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 115: 31-37. [LD IO IP AP AV AS CS CF CL].

Arfelli, C.A. and Amorim, A.F. 1994. Shark fishery from Santos sp. longliners off south and southeast of Brazil. In:Proceedings Fourth Indo-Pacific Fish Conference; Nov 28- Dec 4, 1993; Bangkok, Thailand. Kasetart Univ. 173-186. 502 p. [PG].

Arfelli, C.A., Amorim, A.F. and Maia, A.L.R. 1985. Analise biologico – pesqueira de carao – azul, Prionace glauca L., desembarcado en Santos (1971-85). Assoc. Brasil. Oceanol., 2nd Encontro Brasileiro de Oceanoligos. Programa e Resumos 53. [PG].

Au, D W. 1998. Protecting the reproductive value of swordfish and other billfishes, pp. 219-225. In: Barrett, I., Sosa-Nishizaki, O. and Bartoo, N. eds. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Pacific Swordfish. Dec. 11-14, 1994, Ensenada, Mexico. U.S Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 142, 276 p.

Backus, R.H. 1957. Distributional records of fishes from waters off New England and the Middle Atlantic states. Copeia 1957(3): 242-248. [CS].

Backus, R.H. 1957. Notes on Western North Atlantic Sharks. Copeia 1957: 246-248. [PG IO].

Backus, R.H. 1960. Notes on western north Atlantic sharks, No. 2. Copeia 1960(3): 243-245. [LN].

Backus, R.H., Springer, S. and Arnold, E.L. 1956. A contribution to the natural history of the white-tip shark, Pterolamiops longimanus (Poey). Deep-Sea Research 3: 178-188. [CL].

Bagley, N.W., Anderson, O.F., Hurst, R.J., Francis, M.P. Taylor, P.R., Clark, M.R. and Paul, L.J. 2000. Atlas of New Zealand fish and squid distributions from midwater trawls, tuna longline sets, and aerial sightings, NIWA Technical Report 72. [AV, IO, LN, PG, DV].

Bane, G.W. 1966. Observations on the silky shark, Carcharhinus falciformis, in the Gulf of Guinea. Copeia 1966(2): 354-356. [CF].

Barcellos, B.N. 1957. Ictiofauna de Rio Grande do Sul. II. Sobre “Alopias vulpinus” (Bonnaterre, 1788). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 17(4): 531-536. [AV].

Bass, A.J. 1970. Shark distribution and movements along the eastern coast of South Africa. Oceanogr. Res. Inst. (Durban). Paper G5. 13 pp.

Bass, A.J. 1973. Analysis and description of variation in the proportional dimensions of scyliorhinid, carcharhinid, and sphyrnid sharks. S. Afr. Assoc. Mar. Biol. Res. Invest. Rep. 32. 28 p. [CL].

Bass, A.J., D’Aubrey, J.D. and Kistnasamy, N. 1973. Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. I. The genus Carcharhinus(Carcharhinidae). Invest. Rep. Oceanogr. Res. Inst. 33: 1-168. [CF CL].

Bass, A.J., D’Aubrey, J.D. and Kistnasamy, N. 1975. Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. III. The families Carcharhinidae (excluding Mustelus and Carcharhinus) and Sphyrnidae. Invest. Rep. Oceanogr. Res. Inst. 38: 1-100. [PG].

Bass, A.J., D’Aubrey, J.D. and Kistnasamy, N. 1975. Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. IV. The families Odontaspididae, Scapanorhynchidae, Isuridae, Cetorhinidae, Alopiidae, Orectolobidae and Rhiniodontidae. Invest. Rep. Oceanogr. Res. Inst. 39: 1-102. [LN IO IP AP AV AS].

Baughman, J.L. and Springer, S. 1950. Biological and economic notes on the sharks of the western Gulf of Mexico, with especial reference to those of Texas, and with a key for their identification. Am. Midl. Nat. 44(1): 96-152. [PG].

Beckett, J.S. 1970. Swordfish, sharks, and tuna tagging 1961-69. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Bull. Tech. Rep. 193. 13 p. [IO LN CF PG].

Bedford, D.W. 1985. Pelagic shark/swordfish drift gill net fishery. Management Information Document. Calif. Dept. Fish and Game 74 pp. [AV]

Bedford, D.W. 1987. Shark management: A case history–the California pelagic shark and swordfish fishery, pp. 161-171. In:Cook, S., Sharks: An inquiry into biology, behavior, fisheries, and use. Portland, Oregon State University. EM 8330. [AV].

Bedford, D.W. 1992. Shortfin mako, pp 51-53. In: Leet, W.S., Dewees, C.M. and Haugen, C.W. eds. California’s living marine resources and their utilization. Cal. Sea Grant Extension, UCSGEP-92-12. [IO].

Bedford, D.W. 1992. Thresher shark, pp. 49-51. In: Leet, W.S., Dewees, C.M. and Haugen, C.W., eds. California’s living marine resources and their utilization. Cal. Sea Grant Extension; UCSGEP-92-12. [IO].

Bedford, D.W. and Hagerman, F.B. 1983. The billfish fishery resource of the California Current: California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations. Report XXIV. 70-78. [IO].

Beebe, W. 1932. Nonsuch: Land of Water. N.Y.: Brewer, Warren & Putman, 259 p. [PG].

Beebe, W. and Tee-Van, J. 1941. Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. 25. Fishes from the tropical eastern Pacific. Part 2. Sharks. Zoologica (N.Y.). 26: 93-122. [AV LN IO PG].

Berdegué A. 1956. Peces de importancia comercial en la costa nor-occidental de México. Secretaria de Marina, Direccion General de Pesca e Industrias Conexas, Fom. Rural, Sria. de Marina, 345 p. [LD AV PG].

Berkeley, S.A. and Campos, W.L. 1988. Relative abundance and fishery potential of pelagic sharks along Florida’s east coast. Mar. Fish. Rev. 50(1): 9-16. [CS CF IO AS].

Berkson, J.M. 1985. A population analysis of the common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus). Calif. Dept. Fish and Game, 16 pp. [AV].

Bigelow, H.B. and Schroeder, W.C. 1927. Notes on northwest Atlantic sharks and skates. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard Coll. 68(5): 239-251. [IO LN].

Bigelow, H.B. and Schroeder, W.C. 1948. Sharks, pp. 59-546. In: Tee-Van, J. et al. (eds.), Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Mem. Sears Found. Mar. Res. 1(1). [AS AV LN IO PG CF CL].

Bigelow, H.B., Schroeder, W.C. and Springer, S. 1943. A new species of Carcharhinus from the western Atlantic. Proc. New England Zool. Club. 22: 69-74. [CF].

Bini, G. 1967. Atlante dei Pesci delle Coste Italiane. Vol. I. Leptocardi-Ciclostomi-Selaci: Mondo Sommerso Editrice; 206 p. [LN AV PG].

Blacker, R.W. 1969. English observations on rare fish in 1968. Cons. Explor. Mer, Ann. Biol. 25: 257-259. [LN].

Blacker, R.W. 1972. English observations on rare fish in 1972. Cons. Explor. Mer, Ann. Biol. 27: 193-195. [LN].

Blacker, R.W. 1973. English observations on rare fish in 1971. Cons. Explor. Mer, Ann. Biol. 28: 221-222. [AV].

Blagoderov, A.I. 1994. Seasonal distribution and some notes on the biology of salmon shark (Lamna ditropis) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. J. Ichthyol. 34(2): 115-121. [LD].

Blasco, M. and Munoz-Chapuli, R. 1981. Presencia de Alopias superciliosus en las costas Ibericas y datos sobre su morfologia. Auq. Mus. Boc. (Ser. B). 1(6): 53-64. [AS].

Boeckmann, C.E.; Hazin, F.H.; Lucena, F.M., and Menni, R.C. 1993. Descricao morfométrica, distribuicao e abundancia do tubarão tuninha , Carcharhinus signatus, no Atlántico sudoeste equatorial. Anais 45 Reuniao Soc. Bras. Progr. Cienca. G 1.8, Zool. 923. [CS].

Boeckman, C.E., Menni, R.C. and Hazin, F.H.V. 1993. Aspectos da populacao de Carcharhinus signatus (Poey, 1868) do Atlantico Sudoeste Equatorial, p. 11. In: Resumos VI Reuniao do Grupo de Trabalho sobre Pesca e Pesquisa de Tubaroes e Raias no Brasil. Recife, Brazil. [CS].

Boeckman, C.E., Menni, R.C. and Hazin, F.H.C. 1993. Observacoes sobres a biologia de Carcharhinus signatus(Poey, 1868), no Atlantico Sudoeste Equatorial, p. 25. In. Resumos VI Reuniao do Grupo de Trabalho sobre Pesca e Pesquisa de Tubaroes e Raias no Brasil. Recife, Brazil. [CS].

Bone, Q. and Roberts, B.L. 1969. The density of elasmobranchs. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 1969(49): 913-937. [LN PG].

Bonfil, R. 1994. Overview of world elasmobranch fisheries. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. Paper 341, 119 pp. [CL].

Bonfil, R. 1996. Status of shark resources in the Southern Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean: implications for management. Fisheries Res. 29: 101-117. [AS AV IO CF CL CS].

Bonfil, R., Mena, R. and de Anda, D. 1993. Biological parameters of commercially exploited silky sharks, Carcharhinus falciformis, from Campeche Bank, Mexico. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS. 115: 73-86. [CF].

Boschung, H.T. 1979. The sharks of the Gulf of Mexico. Nature Notebook. Ala. Mus. Nat. Hist., 416 pp. [IO AV AS PG CF CL].

Bozhkov, A.T. 1975. An instance of attack by a swordfish (Xiphias gladius) on a mako shark (Isurus glaucus). J. Ichthyol. 15(5): 842-843. [IO].

Branstetter, S. 1981. Biological notes on the sharks of the north central Gulf of Mexico. Contr. Mar. Sci. Univ. Texas. vol. 24: 13-34. [CF CS IO AS AV].

Branstetter, S. 1981. Shark fishery potential for the northern Gulf of Mexico. Dauphin Isl. Sea. Lab. (Ala.) Tech. Rep. 81-001, 21 pp. [AS].

Branstetter, S. 1986. Biological parameters of the sharks of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico in relation to their potential as a commercial fishery resource. College Station: Texas A&M Univ., 138 pp. [AS].

Branstetter, S. 1987. Age, growth, and reproductive biology of the silky shark, Carcharhinus falciformis, and the scalloped hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Env. Biol. Fishes. 19(3): 161-173. [CF].

Branstetter, S. 1990. Early life-history implications of selected carcharhinoid and lamnoid sharks of the Northwest Atlantic. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS. 90: 17-28. [CL CF CS IO IP LN AS AV AP PG].

Branstetter, S. 1999. The management of the United States Atlantic shark fishery, 109-148. In: Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/1. [CF, IO, IP, LN, AV AS, PG, CL].

Branstetter, S. and G.H. Burgess. 1996. Commercial Shark Fishery Observer Program. Characterization and comparisons of the directed commercial shark fishery in the eastern Gulf of Mexico and off North Carolina through an observer program. Final Report, MARFIN Award NA47FF0008, 33 p. + 11 tables + 20 figs. [CF CS AS IO].

Branstetter, S. and G.H. Burgess. 1997. Commercial Shark Fishery Observer Program. Continuation of an observer program to characterize and compare the directed commercial shark fishery in the eastern Gulf of Mexico and south Atlantic. Final Report, MARFIN Award NA57FD0286, 45 p. +10 tables + 28 figs. [CF CS IO AS AV].

Branstetter, S. and G.H. Burgess. 1998. Commercial Shark Fishery Observer Program 1997-1998. Continuation of an observer program to characterize and compare the directed commercial shark fishery in the eastern Gulf of Mexico and south Atlantic. Final Report, Saltonstall-Kennedy Award NA77FD0068, 17 p. + 5 tables + 5 figures. [CF CS AV AS IO PG].

Branstetter, S. and McEachran, J.D. 1983. A first record of the bigeye thresher, Alopias superciliosus, the blue shark,Prionace glauca, and the pelagic stingray, Dasyatis violacea, from the Gulf of Mexico. Northeast Gulf Sci. 6(1): 59-61. [AS PG DV].

Branstetter, S. and McEachran, J.D. 1986. Age and growth of four carcharhinid sharks common to the Gulf of Mexico: a summary paper, pp. 361-371. In: Uyeno, T. et al, eds. Indo-Pacific Fish Biology, Proc. Sec. Internatl. Conf, Indo-Pacific Fisheries; Tokyo. [CF].

Branstetter, S. and McEachran, J.D. 1986. A first record of Odontaspis noronhai (Lamniformes: Odontaspididae) for the Western North Atlantic, with notes on two uncommon sharks from the Gulf of Mexico. Northeast Gulf Sci. 8(2):153-160. [CS].

Branstetter, S. and Musick, J.A. 1994. Comparisons of shark catch rates on longlines using rope/ steel (Yankee) and monofilament gangions. Mar. Fish. Rev. 55(3): 4-9. [IO CF PG AS].

Brodeur, R.D., Lorz, H.V. and Pearcy, W.G. 1989. Food habits and dietary variability of pelagic nekton off Oregon and Washingtom, 1979-1984. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 57. 32 p. [PG].

Budker, P. 1971. The life of sharks. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 222. pp. [PG CF]

Buencuerpo, V., Ríos, S. and Morón, J. 1998. Pelagic sharks associated with the swordfish, Xiphias gladius, fishery in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean and the Strait of Gibraltar. Fish. Bull. 96(4): 667-685. [IO PG AS AV].

Bullis, H.R. 1961. Observations on the feeding behavior of white-tip sharks on shoaling fishes. Ecology. 42(1): 194-195. [CF].

Bullis, H.R. and Thompson, J.R. 1956. Collections by the exploratory fishing vessels Oregon, Silver BayCombat, and Pelicanmade during 1956-1960 in the southwestern North Atlantic: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.; Special Scientific Report – Fish. 510. 130 p. [IO AV PG CS CF CL].

Burgess, G.H. 1985. Biology of sharks as related to commercial shark fishing. Manual on shark fishing. Florida Sea Grant College; SGR-73. pp.4-10 . [AS CS CL IO CF AV].

Burgess, G.H. and K.M. Johns. 1999. Commercial Shark Fishery Observer Program. Analysis of the large coastal shark fishery – July and August 1998 season in the southeastern United States, with a review of the 1998 commercial shark fishery in the region. Final Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Highly Migratory Species Management Division Award No. 40GANF800117, 19 p. + 15 tables + 7 figures. [CF CS AV AS IO PG].

Burne, Q. 1923. On the function of the two types of myotomal muscle fiber in elasmobranch fish. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London. 212 B, 209-257. [LN].

Burne, R.H. 1923. Some peculiarities of the blood vascular system of the porbeagle shark (Lamna cornubica). Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B. 212: 1923-1924. [LN].

Burnett, C.D., Beckett, J.S., Dickson, C.A., Hurley, P.F.C. and Iles, T.D. 1987. A summary of releases and recaptures in the Canadian large pelagic fish tagging program 1961-86. Can. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 673. iii + 99 p. [PG].

Byers, R.D. 1940. The California shark fishery. Calif. Fish.Game 26: 23-38. [LD IO PG AV].

Cadenat, J. 1956. Notes d’ichthyologie ouest-africaine. XI. Description d’une espece nouvelle de requin appartenant au genre Hypoprion (Muller et Henle) Hypoprion bigelow sp. nov. Bulletin de I’I.F.A.N. 18 (Ser. A. 2). 539-545. [CS].

Cadenat, J. 1956. Notes d’ichthyologie ouest-africaine. XV. Sur un requin-renard nouveau pour la fauna d’Afrique Occidentale Francaise Alopias superciliosus (Lowe) 1840? Bull. Inst. Fr. Afr. Noire. 18. 1257-1266. [AS].

Cadenat, J. 1957. Notes d’ichthyologie ouest-africaine. 17. Biologie, régime alimentaire. Bulletin de I’I.F.A.N. 19(1): 274-294. [CF].

Cadenat, J. and Blache, J. 1981. Requins de Méditerranée et d’Atlantique. Faune Tropicale. ORSTOM 21, 330 p. [CS].

Cailliet, G.M. and Bedford, D.W. 1983. The biology of three pelagic sharks from California waters, and their emerging fisheries: a review. Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Inv. Rep. 24: 57-69. [AV IO PG].

Cailliet, G.M., Holts, D.B. and Bedford, D. 1993. A review of the commercial fisheries for sharks on the west coast of the United States, pp. 13-29. In: Pepperell, J., West, J., Woon, P. (eds), Shark Conservation. Proceedings of an International Workshop on the Conservation of Elasmobranchs held at Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia, 24 February 1991. Zoological Parks Board of NSW. [PG AV].

Cailliet, G.M., Martin, L.K., Harvey, J.T., Kusher, D. and Welder, B.A. 1983. Preliminary studies on the age and growth of blue, Prionace glauca, common thresher, Alopias vulpinus, and shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, sharks from California waters. Prince, E.D. and Pulos, L.M., eds. Proc. Internatl. Workshop Age Determ. Oceanic Pelagic Fishes: Tunas, Billfishes, and Sharks. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 8. 179-188 . [PG AV IO].

Cailliet, G.M. and Mollet, H.F. Preliminary demographic analysis of the shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus. Program and Abstracts of 77th Annual Meeting of American Society of Ichthyology and Herpetology. 88 pp. [IO].

Calzoni. M. 1936. Richerche sulla placenta del Carcharias glaucus. Publ. Staz. Zool. Napoli. 15: 169-174. [PG].

Camhi, M. 1998. Sharks on the line: A state-by-state analysis of sharks and their fisheries. Islip, NY: National Audubon Society, Living Oceans Program, 156 p. [CS CF AS PG CL LN IO AV].

Camhi, M. 1999. Sharks on the line II: An analysis of Pacific state shark fisheries. Islip, NY: National Audubon Society, Living Oceans Program, 114 p. [AP AS AV IO IP LD CF CL PG DV].

Camhi, M., Fowler, S., Musick, J., Bräutigam, A. and Fordham, S. 1998. Sharks and their relatives: Ecology and conservation. Occasional paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Cambridge: IUCN No. 20. 39 p. [PG LN IO AV CF CL].

Capape, C. 1975. Selacieas nouveaux et rares le long des cotes tunisiennes. Premieres observations biologiques. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis. 52(1-2): 107-128. [LN].

Capape, C. 1980. Etude morphologique des pterygopodes de Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810 (Pisces, Lamnidae). Bull. Off. Natn. Pech. Tunisie. 4(2): 265-270. [IO].

Capape, C. 1981. Etude morphplogique des pterygopodes de Prionace glauca (Linne, 1758) (Pisces, Carcharhinidae). Bull. Off. Natn. Pech., Tunisie. 5(1): 29-35. [PG].

Capape, C. 1982. Etude morphogique des pterygopodes de Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) (Pisces, Alopiidae). Netherlands J. Zool. 32(1): 108-111. [AV].

Carey, F.G. Appendix III. Heat conservation in lamnid sharks. (MS) 4 p. + 3 figs. [IO].

Carey, F.G., Casey, J.G., Pratt, H.L., Urquhart, D. and McCosker, J.E. 1985. Temperature, heat production and heat exchange in lamnid sharks. Mem. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 9: 92-108. [IO LN LD].

Carey, F.G. and Scharold, J.V. 1990. Movements of blue sharks (Prionace glauca) in depth and course. Mar. Biol. 106: 329-342. [PG].

Carey, F.G. and Teal, J.M. 1969. Mako and porbeagle: warm-bodied sharks. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 28: 199-204. [LN IO].

Carey, F.G., Teal, J.M. and Kanwisher, J.W. 1981. The visceral temperatures of mackerel sharks (Lamnidae). Physiol. Zool. 54(3): 334-344. [IO LN].

Carvalho, M.R. and Gomes, U.L. 1992. Reinterpretation of the clasper morphology of Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes), with notes on clasper terminology. An. Acad. Bras. Ci. 64(2): 199-206. [PG].

Casey, J.G. 1964. Angler’s guide to the sharks of the northeastern United States–Maine to Chesapeake Bay. US Fish Wildl. Circ. 179. 32 pp. [AS PG].

Casey, J.G. 1976. Migrations and abundance of sharks along the Atlantic coast. Searman, W. Sharks and Man–a perspective. Fla. Sea Grant Program, Rep. 10. 12-14.

Casey, J.G. 1982. Blue shark, Prionace glauca. Synopsis, pp. 45-48. In: Grosslein, M.D. and Azarovitz, T., eds. Ecology of the Middle Atlantic Bight fish and shellfish – Monographic 15, Fish Distribution, MESA New York Bight Atlas, New York Sea Grant Inst., Albany, NY: [PG].

Casey, J.G. 1985. Transatlantic migrations of the blue shark; a case history of cooperative shark tagging, pp. 253-268. In:Stroud, R.H., ed. World Angling Resources and Challenges: Proceedings of the first world angling conference; 1985 12; Cap d’ Agde, France. Fort Lauderdale: International Game Fish Associtaion. [PG].

Casey, J.G. and Hoey, J.J. 1985. Estimated catches of large sharks by U.S. recreational fishermen in the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 31. 15-19 p. [PG CL LN IO CF AS].

Casey, J.G. and Kohler, N.E. 1991. Long distance movements of Atlantic sharks from the NMFS Cooperative Shark Tagging Program. In: Gruber, S. H., (ed.). Discovering Sharks. Amer. Littoral Soc. pp. 87-91. [IO PG AS CL CS].

Casey, J.G. and Kohler, N.E. 1992. Tagging studies on the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) in the western North Atlantic. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 43(1): 45-60. [IO].

Casey, J.G. and Pratt, H.L. 1985. Distribution of the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, in the Western North Atlantic. Mem. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 92-14. [LN IO].

Casey, J.G. and Stillwell, C. 1970. Ecology of ocean game fish, pp. 192-194. In. Progress in Sport Fishery Research, 1969. Washington: Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Div. of Fishery Research. [PG].

Casey, J.G. and Taniuchi, T. 1990. Recommendations for future shark tagging programs. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS. 90: 511-512. [PG].

Casey, J., Pratt, H.W., Kohler, N., Stillwell, C., Natanson, L.J., Briggs, R. and Turner, P. 1993. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. The Shark Tagger, 1992 Summary, 16 p. [IO].

Casey, J., Pratt, H.W., Kohler, N., Stillwell, C., Turner, P. and Briggs, R. 1992. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. The Shark Tagger, 1991 Summary, 14 p. [IO].

Casey, J., Pratt, H.W. and Stillwell, C. 1980. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. The Shark Tagger, 1980 Summary. [IP].

Casey, J., Pratt, H.W. and Stillwell, C. 1982. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. The Shark Tagger, 1981 Summary, 8 p. [AV AS IO].

Castillo-Geniz, J.L., Marquez-Farias, J.F. and Cortes, E. 1998. Management of the Mexican artisanal shark fisheryppIn:Gribble, N.A., McPherson, G. and Lane, B., eds. Shark Management and Conservation. Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Dept. of Primary Industries. [CF].

Castro-Aguirre, J.L. and de Lachica-Bonilla, F. 1973. Nuevos registros de peces marinos en la costa del Pacifico Mexicano. Rev. De La Soc. Mexicana De Historia Natural. 34: 147-181. [AP].

Castro, J.A. and Mejuto, J. 1995. Reproductive parameters of blue shark, Prionace glauca, and other sharks in the Gulf of Guinea. Mar. Freshwater Res. 46: 967-973. [IO PG].

Castro, J.I. 1983. The Sharks of North American Waters. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 180 p. [AS AP AV LN LD IO CF CL CS PG].

Caunter, J.A.L. 1961. Shark Angling in Great Britain. Angling Times series. London: G. Allen and Unwin Ltd. [PG].

Cervignón, F. 1960. Peces recogidos en el curso de las campañas realizados a bordo del <<Costa Canaria>> desde cabo Bojador a Guinea Portuguesa (Africa occidental) y consideraciones sobre su distribución. Investigacion Pesquera, Barcelona. 17: 33-107. [CF CL PG].

Cervignón M.F. 1966. Los Peces Marinhos de Venezuela, Tomo I. Caracas: Estacion de Investigaciones Marinas de Margarita, Fundacíon La Salle de Ciencias Naturales; 436 p. [IO].

Chan A Shing, C. Shark fisheries in the Caribbean: the status of their management including issues of concern in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Dominica, pp. 149-173. In: Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/1. [CF, CS, IO, PG, Asp].

Che-Tsung Chen, Tzyh – Chang Leu and Jin-Jehn Wu. 1985. Sharks of the genus Carcharhinus (Carcharhinidae) from Taiwan. J. Taiwan Mus. 38(2): 9-22. [CF CL].

Chen, C.H., Liu, K.W. and Chang, Y.C. 1997. Reproductive biology of the bigeye thresher shark, Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1839) (Chondrichthyes: Alopiidae), in the northwestern Pacific. Ichthyol. Res. 44(3): 227-236. [AS].

Chen, C.T., Chang, Y.C. and Liu, K.M. 1997? Reproduction of the bigeye thresher shark, Alopias superciliosus in the northeastern waters of Taiwan. 31 pp. [AS].

Chen, C.T., Jiang, B.J., Liu, K.M. and Joung, S.J. 1995. Age and growth of the bigeye thresher, Alopias superciliosus in the northern waters of Taiwan. Rep. Japan. Soc. Elasmobranch Stud. 32 ed., Japanese Soc. for Elasmobranch Studies, 37 pp. [AS].

Chiaramonte, G.E. Fishing trade of chondrichthyans in Argentina. Buenos Aires: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, 32 + 4 figs. [LN IO].

Chiaramonte, G.E. 1998. The shark genus Carcharhinus Blainville, 1816 (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhinidae) in Argentine waters. Mar. Freshwater Res. 49: 747-752. [CL].

Clark, E. 1973. ‘Sleeping’ sharks in Mexico. Underwater Naturalist 8(1): 4-7. [PG].

Clark, E. and Kristof, E. 1990. Deep-sea elasmobranchs observed from submersibles off Bermuda, Grand Cayman, and Freeport, Bahamas. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 90: 269-284. [IP].

Clark, E. and Kristof, E. 1991. How deep do shark go? Reflections on deep sea sharks, pp. 79-84. In: Gruber, S.H (ed.). Discovering Sharks. Amer. Littoral Soc. [IP].

Clarke, M.R., Clarke, D.C., Martins, H.R. and DaSilva, H.M. 1996. The diet of the blue shark (Prionace glauca L.). in Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences 14A: 41-56.

Clarke, M.R. and Stevens, J.D. 1974. Cephalopods, blue sharks and migration. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 54: 949-957. [PG].

Clement, J.G. 1992. Re-examination of the fine structure of endoskeletal mineralization in chondrichthyans: implications for growth, aging and calcium homeostasis. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 43(1): 157-181. [PG].

Cliff, G., Dudley, S.F.J. and Davis, B. 1990. Sharks caught in the protective gill nets off Natal, South Africa. 3. The shortfin mako shark Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque). S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 9: 115-126. [IO].

Coblenz, B.E. 1987. Yellowtail chafing on shark: Parasite removal? Calif. Fish Game 73(4): 244. [PG].

Coles, R.J. 1915. Notes on the sharks and rays of Cape Lookout, N.C. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 28: 89-94. [AV].

Collett, R. 1905. Meddelelser om Norges Fiske i Aarenes 1884-1901 (3die Hoved-Supplement til “Norges Fiske”). III (Slutning). Forh. Vidensk. Krist. 7: 1-173. [PG IO LN AV].

Compagno, L.J.V. 1977. Sharks. In: Fisher, W. ed. FAO Species identification sheets for fisheries purposes. Western Central Atlantic. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. [CS].

Compagno, L.J.V. 1979. Carcharhinoid sharks: morphology, systematics and phylogeny. (Unpublished Ph. D. thesis). Ann Arbor: Stanford University, 932 p. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor Michigan. [PG].

Compagno, L.J.V. 1981. Legend versus reality: the jaws image and shark diversity. Oceanus 24(4): 5-16. [PG].

Compagno, L.J.V. 1984. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 – Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Food Agric. Org. United Nations FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125(4, pt. 1): i-viii + 1-249. [LN IO LD IP APAS AV].

Compagno, L.J.V. 1984. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 – Carcharhiniformes. Food Agric. Org. United Nations FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125(4, pt. 2): i-x + 251-655. [CL CF CS PG].

Compagno, L.J.V. 1988. Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes. Princeton: Princeton Universtiy Press, 486 p. + 157 fig. + 35 pl. [AP AS AV CF CL CS PG IO IP LN LD DV].

Compagno, L.J.V. 1990. Shark exploitation and conservation. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 90: 391-414. [LN].

Compagno, L.J.V., Ebert, D.A. and Cowley, P.D. 1991. Distribution of offshore demersal cartilaginous fish (Class Chondrichthyes) off the western coast of southern Africa, with notes on their systematics. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 11: 43-139. [AV IO].

Compagno, L.J.V., Ebert, D.A. and Smale, M.J. 1989. Guide to the Sharks and Rays of Southern Africa. London: New Holland (Publishers) Ltd. [AP AS AV CF CL CS DV IO LN PG].

Compagno, L.J.V. and Vergara, R. 1978. Triakidae, p. 5. In: FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Central Atlantic. Fishing Area 31, (Fischer, W.) [AS].

Compagno, L.J.V. and Vergara, R. 1981. Sharks, pp.5. In: FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Central Atlantic. Fishing Area 34, 47. Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans. (Fischer, W.; Bianchi, G., and Scott, W. B). [CL AS].

Condie, J.E. 1998. Anatomical adaptations for endothermy: Retia mirabilia in the salmon shark, Lamna ditropis. Hopkins Marine Station Spring Project. student abstract. [LD LN].

Connett, S. Blue sharks studied in the eastern Atlantic, pp. 8-10. In: Casey, J., Pratt, H. L., Kohler, N. and Stillwell, C. E., eds. The Shark Tagger: 1987 summary. Narragansett, RI: U.S. Dept. Comm., NOAA/NMFS, Newsl. Coop. Shark Tag. Prog. 1987. [PG].

Conniff, R. From Jaws to laws-now the big, bad shark needs protection from us. 32-42. [PG].

Cooperative Shark Tagging Program. 1995. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. The Shark Tagger 1995 Summary. Newsletter of the Cooperative Shark Tagging Program. 1-16. [PG IO].

Coppleson, V. 1933. Shark attacks in Australian water. Medical Jour. Australia. April 15: 1-20. [AV PG].

Cortes, E. 1999. Standardized diet compositions and trophic levels of sharks. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 56: 707-717.

Costeau, J.-Y. and Costeau, P. 1970. The shark: splendid savage of the sea. London: Cassell; 242 p. [CL].

Cox, G. and Francis, M. 1997. Sharks and Rays of New Zealand. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press, 68 p. [AS AV IO LN CF PG].

Cramer, J. 1996. Estimates of the numbers and metric tons of sharks discarded dead by pelagic longline vessels. 1996 Shark Stock Assessment Workshop. Miami: NOAA/NMFS/SEFSC Document SB-III-4. 21 pp. [PG CL IO].

Cramer, J. 1996. Large pelagic workbook indices for sharks. 1996 Shark Stock Assessment Workshop. Miami: NOAA/NMFS/SEFSC Document SB-III-3. 7 p. [IO PG CL].

Cressey, R.F. 1966. Bariaka alopiae n. gen., n. sp. (Copepoda: Caligoida), a parasite on the gills of a thresher shark. Bull. Mar. Sci. 16(1): 324-329. [AS].

D’Aubrey, J.D. 1964. Preliminary guide to the sharks found off the east coast of South Africa. Durban, South Africa: The Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report No. 8. 95 p. [CF CL IO AP].

Daniel, J.F. 1934. The Elasmobranch Fishes. 3rd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press. [PG].

Davies, I.E. and Bradley, R.P. 1972. Deep observations of anchovy and blue sharks from Deepstar 4000. NOAA Fishery Bull. 70(2): 510-511. [PG].

Davis, C. 1979. Rhythm in blue. Skin Diver. (Dec.) 60-61. [PG].

Dayton, L. 1991. Save the sharks. New Scientist. June 15: 34-38. [PG].

de Buen, F. 1950. El Mar de Solís y su Fauna de Peces (II Parte). La fauna de peces del Uruguay: Servicio Oceanografico y de Pesca, Montevideo, Publicaciones Cientificas 2. 47-144. [CL AV].

De Silva, R.I. 1986. A natural history of the sharks of Sri Lanka. Loris. 17(4): 151-164. [IO IP AV AS PG CL].

Demski, L.S. and Northcutt, R.G. 1996. The brain and cranial nerves of the white shark: an evolutionary perspective, pp. 121-130. In: Klimley, A. P. and Ainley, D. G., eds. Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. San Diego: Academic Press. [IO AV AS].

Depperman, B. 1953. Maternity model mako. Sports Afield March 86-87. [IO].

Dieuzeide, R., Novella, M. and Roland, J. 1953. Catalogue des poissons des cotes algeriennes. Bull. Stn. Aquic. Pech. Castiglione, 21-135. [PG].

Dodrill, J.W. 1977. A hook and line survey of the sharks found within five hundred meters of shore along Melbourne Beach, Brevard County, Florida [MSc. Thesis]. Melbourne, FL: Florida Institute of Technology, 304 p. [IP].

Dodrill, J.W. and Gilmore, R.G. 1979. First North American continental record of the longfin mako (Isurus paucus Guitart Manday). Florida Scientist. 42: 52-58. [IP].

Dodrill, J., Manooch, C.S. and Manooch, A.B. 1993. Food and feeding behavior of adult snowy grouper, Epinephelus niveatus(Valenciennes) (Pisces: Serranidae), collected off the central North Carolina coast with ecological notes on the major food groups. Brimleyana. 19: 101-135. [CS].

Dotsu, Y. and Kishida, S. 1980. A case of the common remora, Remora remora, with a deformed sucking disc. Japan. J. Ichthyol. 26(4): 373-374. [CL].

Dudley, S.F.J. and Gribble, N.A. 1999. Management of shark control programmes, pp. 819-859. In: Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/2. [IO, AV, LN, PG].

Duhamel, G. and Compagno, L.J.V. 1985. Sharks. FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes, Southern Ocean (Fishing area 48, 58, and 88) (CCAMLR Convention Area) Fisher, W. and Hureau, J.-C., eds. Rome: FAO, 209-216. [LN].

Duhamel, G. and Ozouf-Costaz, C. 1982. Presence de Lamna nasus (Bonnaterre, 1788), aux Isles Kerguelen. Cybium. 6(4): 15-18. [LN].

Dunlop, J. 1892. The habits and anatomical structure of the porbeagle shark (Lamna cornubica Cuv.). Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasboro Trans. 4: 134-137. [LN].

Edwards, A.J. and Lubbock, H.R. 1982. The shark population of St. Paul’s Rocks. Copeia. 1982(2): 223-225. [IO CF].

Ego, K. and Otsu, T. Japanese tuna-mothership expeditions in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean (June 1950 to June 1951).

Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. and Hass, H. 1959. Erfahrungen mit Haien. Z. Tierpsychol. 16(6): 733-746. [CL].

Eitner, B.J. 1995. Systematics of the genus Alopias (Lamniformes: Alopiidae) with evidence for the existence of an unrecognized species. Copeia. 1995(3): 562-571. [AP AV AS IO AN].

Ellis, J.R. and Shackley, S.E. 1995. Notes on porbeagle sharks, Lamna nasus, from the Bristol Channel. J. Fish Biol. 46(2): 368-370. [LN].

Ellis, R. 1977. Predators. Oceans. 10(6): 18-20. [IO].

Emery, S.H. 1985. Hematology and cardiac morphology in the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias. Mem. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 973-80. [LN IO].

Fange, R. 1984. Lymphomyeloid tissues in fishes. Vidensk. Meddr. Dansk Naturh. Foren. 145: 143-162. [LN].

Farquhar, G.B. Sharks of the family Lamnidae. Tech. Rep. U.S. Navy Oceanogr. Off. TR-157. 22 pp. [LN].

Feder, H.M., Turner, C.H. and Limbaugh, C. 1974. Observations on fishes associated with kelp beds in Southern California. Fish Bull. Calif. Dep. Fish Game. 160: 144 p. [PG].

Fertl, D., Acevedo-Gutiérrez, A. and Darby, F.L. 1996. A report of killer whales (Orcinus orca) feeding on a carcharhinid shark in Costa Rica. Mar. Mammal Sci. 12(4): 606-611. [PG].

Fitch, J.E. 1958. Offshore fishes of California. State of Cal. Dept. Fish & Game, 79 p. [AV PG].

Fitch, J.E. and Craig, W.L. 1964. First records for the bigeye thresher (Alopias superciliosus) and slender tuna (Allothunnus fallai) from California, with notes on eastern Pacific scombrid otoliths. Calif. Fish Game 50(3): 195-206. [AS].

Forster, G.R., Badcock, J.R., Longbottom, M.R., Merrett, N.R. and Thomson, K.S. 1970. Results of the Royal Society Indian Ocean deep slope fishing expedition, 1969. Proc. Roy. Soc., London, 175: 367-404. [CF].

Fourmanoir, P. 1961. Requins de la côte ouest de Madagascar. Mem. Inst. Sci. Madagascar. 4(Ser.F): 1-81. [CL].

Fourmanoir, P. 1963. Raies et requins-scie de la cote ouest de Madagascar (Ordre des Batoidei). Cah. ORSTOM Oceanogr. 6: 33-58. [AS CF].

Fowler, H.W. 1917. Notes on fishes from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 69: 108-126. [AV].

Fowler, H.W. 1936. The marine fishes of west Africa based on the collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition, 1909-1915. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 70(1): 1-605. [LN IO AV CF PG].

Fowler, H.W. 1945. A study of the fishes of the southern Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Monogr. 7. 408 p. + 313 fig. [AV].

Fowler, S. 1999. The role of non-governmental organisations in the international conservation of elasmobranchs, pp. 880-903.In: Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/2. [PG, LN].

Francis, M.P. 1996. Observations on a pregnant white shark with a review of reproductive biology, p. 157-172. In:Klimley, A. P. and Ainley, D. G., eds. Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. San Diego: Academic Press. [IO].

Francis, M.P. 1998. New Zealand shark fisheries: development, size and management. Mar. Freshwater Res. 49: 579-591. [LN, IO, PG, AV].

Francis, M.P. 1998. Shark fisheries of New Zealand, p. 10. In: Gribble, N. A., McPherson, G. and Lane, B., eds. Shark Management and Conservation. Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Dept. of Primary Industries. [PG IO].

Francis, M.P., Griggs, L.H., Baird, S.J., Murray, T.E. and Dean, H.A. 1999. Fish bycatch in New Zealand tuna longline fisheries. NIWA Technical Report 55. NIWA, 70 p. [PG, LN, IO, AV, AS].

Francis, M.P., Griggs, L.H., Baird, S.J., Murry, T.E. and Dean, H.A. 2000. Fish bycatch in New Zealand tuna longline fisheries, 1988-89 to 1997-98. NIWA Tech. Report 76. 79 p. [PG, LN, IO, AV, CL].

Francis, M.P. and Shallard, B. 1999. New Zealand shark fishery management, pp. 515-551. In: Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/2. [PG, IO, LN, AV].

Francis, M.P. and Stevens, J.D. 2000. Reproduction, embryonic development and growth of the porbeagle shark, Lamna nasus, in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Fish. Bull., U.S. 98(1). [LN[.

Francis, M.P., Worthington, C.J., Saul, P. and Clements, K.D. 1999. New and rare tropical and subtropical fishes from northern New Zealand. New Zealand J. Mar. Frshw. Res. 33: 571-586. [CL].

Fudge, D.S. and Stevens, E.D. 1996. The visceral retia mirabilia of tuna and sharks: an annotated translation and discussion of the Eschricht & Muller 1835 paper and related papers. Gulph Ich. Rev. 41-328. [AV].

Garrick, J.A.F. 1967. A broad view of Carcharhinus species, their systematics and distribution, pp. 85-91. In:Gilbert, P. W., Mathewson, R. F. and Rall, J. P., eds. Sharks, skates, and rays. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. [CF CL PG].

Garrick, J.A.F. 1967. Revision of sharks of genus Isurus with description of a new species (Galeoidea, Lamnidae). Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 118(3537): 663-690. [IP].

Garrick, J.A.F. 1982. Sharks of the genus Carcharhinus. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 445. 194 p. [CL].

Garrick, J.A.F. 1985. Additions to a revision of the shark genus Carcharhinus: synonmy of Aprionodon and Hypoprion, and description of a new species of Carcharhinus (Carcharhinidae). NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 34, 26 p. [CS].

Garrick, J.A.F., Backus, R.H. and Gibbs, R.H. 1964. Carcharhinus floridanus, the silky shark, a synonym of Carcharhinus falciformis. Copeia 1964(2): 369-375. [CF].

Garrick, J.A.F. and Schultz, L.P. 1963. A guide to the kinds of potentially dangerous sharks, p.3-60. In: Gilbert, P. W., Garrick, J. A. F. and Schultz, L. P., (eds.). Sharks and Survival. Boston, D.C.: Heath and Company. [CL].

Gauld, J.A. 1989. Recod of porbeagles landed in Scotland, with observations on the biology, distribution, and exploitation of the species. Scottish Fisheries Research Report 45. Edinburgh: Dept. Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, 15 pp. [LN].

Gilbert, P.W. 1970. Studies on the anatomy, physiology, and behavior of sharks. Final Report. Office of Naval Research; final report. 45 p. + 13 fig. [CF].

Gilbert, P.W. 1981. Patterns of shark reproduction. Oceanus 24(4): 30-39. [CF].

Gilbert, P.W. and Schlernitzauer, D.A. 1965. Placentation in the silky shark, Carcharhinus falciformis, and bonnet shark,Sphyrna tiburo. Anat. Rec. 151(3): 452. [CF].

Gilbert, P.W. and Schlernitzauer, D.A. 1966. The placenta and gravid uterus of Carcharhinus falciformis. Copeia 1966(3): 451-457. [CF].

Gilmore, R.G. 1983. Observations on the embryos of the longfin mako, Isurus paucus, and the bigeye thresher, Alopias superciliosus. Copeia 1983(2): 375-382. [IP AS].

Gilmore, R.G. 1991. The reproductive biology of lamnoid sharks, pp. 64-67. In: Gruber, S. H., (ed.). Discovering Sharks: Amer. Littoral Soc. [IO].

Gilmore, R.G. 1993. Reproductive biology of lamnoid sharks. Env. Biol. Fishes 38: 95-114. [IP IO AS AV].

Glazo, T.N. 1976. Physiological and biochemical blood characteristics of some species of tropical fish from the Pacific Ocean. J. Ichthyol. 16(1): 95-105. [CL PG].

Glikman, L.S. and Dolganov, V.N. 1980. Distribution of shark Isurus oxyrinchus in the world oceans. Moscow: Nauka Press, p. 121-126. [IO].

Glover, C.J.M. 1974. The whitetip oceanic shark Pterolamiops longimanus (Poey) 1861–a first record from off the southern Australian coast. The South Australian Naturalist 49(1): 12-13. [CL].

Goadby, P. and Bell, G. 1992. Predators in peril. Outdoor Life (Jan.) 48 + 62-63. [PG].

Gohar, H.A F. and Mazar, F.M. 1964. The elasmobranchs of the north-western Red Sea. Publ. Mar. Biol. Sta. Al-Ghardagria (Red Sea). 13: 1-144 + 16 pl + 2 maps. [IO AV CL CF].

Goto, M., Taniuchi, T., Kunga, N. and Iwata, M. 1981. Four dicephalous specimens of the blue shark, Prionace glauca, from Japan. Japan. J. Ichthyol. 12(2): 157-165. [PG].

Grace, M. Field guide to requiem sharks (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Carcharhinidae) of the Western North Atlantic. U.S. NOAA, U.S. Dept. of Commerce 38 p. [PG].

Grace, M. and Henwood, T. 1997. Assessment of the distribution and abundance of coastal sharks in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico and eastern seaboard, 1995 and 1996. Mar. Fish. Rev. 59(4): 23-32. [CF CS IO IP LN AV AS PG CL].

Graham, G. 1987. The development of Gulf coast shark fisheries. pp. 179-181. In: Cook, S. Sharks: An inquiry into biology, behavior, fisheries, and use. Portland: Oregon State University; EM 8330. [IO AS].

Grandperrin, R., Richer de Forges, B. and Auzende, J.M. 1997. Marine resources of New Caledonia: the ZoNéCo programme. Nouméa, New Caledonia: ORSTOM, 90 p. [PG].

Grey, Z. 1928. Big game fishing in New Zealand seas. Nat. Hist., N. Y. 28(1): 46-52. [AV].

Gribble, N.A., McPherson, G. and Lane, B. 1998. Shark control: a comparison of meshing with set drumlines, p98-124. In:Gribble, N. A., McPherson, G. and Lane, B., eds. Shark Management and Conservation. Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Dept. of Primary Industries. [IO PG].

Groot, S.J. 1973. Dutch observations on rare fish in 1971. Cons. Explor. Mer, Ann. Biol. 28: 222-223. [AV].

Gruber, S.H. 1980. The bigeye thresher. Sea Frontiers 26(5): 306-308. [AS].

Gruber, S.H. 1977. The visual system of sharks: adaptions and capability. Amer. Zool. 17: 453-569. [IO].

Gruber, S.H. and Cohen, J.L. 1978. Visual system of the elasmobranchs: State of the art 1960-1975. In: Hodgson, E. S. and Mathewson, R. F., eds. Sensory biology of sharks, skates, and rays. Arlington, VA: ONR, Dept. Navy. [IO].

Gruber, S.H. and Cohen, J.L. 1985. Visual system of the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, with emphasis on retinal structure. Mem. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 9: 61-72. [IO].

Gruber, S.H. and Compagno, L.J.V. 1981. Taxonomic status and biology of the bigeye thresher, Alopias superciliosus. Fish. Bull. 79(4): 617. [AS AV AP].

Gruber, S.H., Gulley, R.L. and Brandon, J. 1975. Duplex retina in seven elasmobranch species. Bull. Mar. Sci. 25(3): 353-358. [IO].

Gubanov, Y.P. 1972. On the biology of the thresher shark [ Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre)] in the northwest Indian Ocean. J. Ichthyol. 12(4): 591-600. [AV].

Gubanov, Y.P. 1974. The capture of a giant specimen of the mako shark (Isurus glaucus) in the Indian Ocean. J. Ichthyol. 14(4): 589-591. [IO].

Gubanov, Y.P. 1976. The first catch of a tagged thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus). J. Ichthyol. 16(3): 497-498. [AV].

Gubanov, Y.P. 1978. The reproduction of some species of pelagic sharks from the equatorial zone of the Indian Ocean. J. Ichthyol. 18: 781-92. [AS].

Gubanov, Y.P. and Grigor’yev. 1975. Observations on the distribution and biology of the blue shark Prionace glauca(Carcharhinidae) of the Indin Ocean. J. Ichthyol. 15(1): 37-43. [PG].

Gudger, E.W. The breeding habits, reproductive organs, and external embryonic development of Chlamydoselachus, based on notes and drawings by Bashford Dean. Bashford Dean Memorial Volume, Archaic Fishes, 7: 521-646. [LD].

Guitart, M.D. 1975. Las pesquerias pelagico-oceanicas de corto radio de accion inla region noroccidental de Cuba. Oceeanographic Inst. Acad. Sci. Havana Ser. Oceanolo. 311-41. [CF IO CS AS CL IP PG].

Guitart-Manday, D. 1966. Nuevo nombre para una especie de Tiburon del genero Isurus (Elasmobranchii: Isuridae) de aguas Cubanas. Poeyana Inst. Biol. (Havana) Ser. A. 151-9. [IP].

Haby, M.G., Roach, V.Z. and Miget, R.J. 1987. Specialty product development using frozen shark, 191-199 p. In:Cook, S. Sharks: An inquiry into biology, behavior, fisheries, and use. Portland: Oregon State University; EM 8330. [CF].

Hall, H. 1981. Anatomy of a shark bite. Skin Diver (Apr.) 18-19. [PG].

Hamlet, W.C. and Wourms, P.J. 1979. Morphogenesis of the yolk-sac placenta in the blue shark, P. glauca. Amer. Zool. 19: 947. [PG].

Hamlett, W.C. 1989. Reproductive strategies in elasmobranchs of the North Carolina Shelf George, R. Y. and Hulbert, A. E., eds. North Carolina Coastal Oceanography Symposium. NOAA; National Undersea Research Program: Research Report 89-2. 455-482 p. [AP AV AS LN IP IO PG CS CL].

Hanan, D.A. Analysis of the common thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus, in the California bight. NOAA/NMFS SWFC Admin. Rep. LJ-84-10C. 34 pp. [AV].

Hanan, D.A., Holts, D.B. and Coan, A.L. 1993. The California drift net fishery for sharks and swordfish, 1981-82 through 1990-91: Calif. Fish Game, Fish Bull. 175. 95 p. [LD IO AS AV AP PG].

Hanan, D.A. and Scholl, J.P. 1985. Shark drift gill net fishery observation program (May-June 1983). Hanan, D. A. California Department of Fish and Game coastal marine mammal study annual report for the period July 1, 1982-June 30, 1983. NOAA/NMFS SWFC Admin Rep. LJ-85-10C. 10-12 pp.

Hanfee, F. 1999. Management of shark fisheries in two Indian coastal states: Tamil Nadu and Kerala, pp. 316-338. In:Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/1. [AV, CL, IO].

Hanson, D.L. 1999. Management of shark fisheries off the west coast of the USA, pp. 656-681. In: Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/2. [PG, IO, AS, AV, AP].

Hart, J.L. 1973. Pacific fishes of Canada. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Bull. 180: 1-740 p. [AV LN PG DV].

Harvey, J.T. 1989. Food habits, seasonal abundance, size, and sex of the blue shark, Prionace glauca, in Monterey Bay, California. Calif. Fish Game 75(1): 33-44. [PG].

Hass, H. 1973. Men beneath the sea. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 407 p. [CL].

Hauser, H. 1980. The oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus). Skin Diver (Oct.) 26-27. [CL].

Hazin, F.H.V. 1993. Fisheries-oceanographical study on tunas, billifishes and sharks in the southwestern equatorial Atlantic Ocean [PhD Dissertation]. Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo University of Fisheries, 286 p. [PG CS CF CL].

Hazin, F.H.V., Boeckman, C.E., Leal, E.C., Lessa, R.P.T., Kihara, K. and Otsuka, K. 1994. Distribution and relative abundance of the blue shark, Prionace glauca, in the southwestern equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Fish. Bull. (U.S.). 92(2): 474-480. [PG].

Hazin, F.H.V., Couto, A.A., Kihara, K., Otsuka, K. and Ishino, M. 1990. Distribution and abundance of pelagic sharks in the south-western equatorial Atlantic. J. Tokyo Univ. Fish. 77(1): 51-64. [CL PG].

Hazin, F.H.V., Kihara, K., Otsuka, K., Boeckman, C.E. and Leal, E.C. 1994. Reproduction of the blue shark, Prionace glauca, in the south-western equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Fish. Bull. (U.S.). 60(5): 487-491. [PG].

Hazin, F.H.V., Lessa, R.P. and Chammas, M.A. 1994. First observations on stomachs contents of the blue shark, Prionace glauca, from southwestern equatorial Atlantic. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 54(2): 195-198. [PG].

Hazin, F.H.V., Lessa, R., Ishino, M., Otsuka, K. and Kihara, K. 1991. Morphometric description of the blue shark, Prionace glauca, from the southwestern equatorial Atlantic. J. Tokyo Univ. Fish. 78(2): 137-144. [PG].

He, X. and Laurs, M. 1998. Bycatch, discards, finning, and economic value of blue shark in the Hawaii based longline fishery, p.88-89. In: Gribble, N. A., McPherson, G. and Lane, B., eds. Shark Management and Conservation. Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Dept. of Primary Industries. [PG].

Heist, E.J. 1999. A review of population genetics in sharks, pp. 161-168. In: Musick, J.A., ed. Life in the slow lane: Ecology and conservation of long-lived marine animals. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society, American Fisheries Society Symposium 23. [IO, PG].

Heist, E.J. and Gold, J.R. 1999. Genetic identification of sharks in the U.S. Atlantic large coastal shark fishery. Fish. Bull. 97(1): 53-61. [CF].

Heist, E.J., Musick, J.A. and Graves, J.E. 1996. Genetic population structure of the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) inferred from restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53(3): 583-588. [IO].

Hemida, F. 1998. The shark and skate fishery in the Algerian basin: biological and technological aspects. Shark News 12(Nov.): 14. [PG AV].

Herald, E.S. and Ripley, W.E. 1951. The realtive abundance of sharks and bat stingrays in San Francisco Bay. Calif. Fish Game 37(3): 315-329. [AV].

Hess, P.W. 1962. Notes on some sharks in the western North Atlantic and Bahama areas. Copeia 1962(3): 653-656. [CL PG].

Highly Migratory Species Management Division. 1999. Final fishery management plan for Atlantic tuna, swordfish, and sharks. Vol 2. Silver Springs, MD: Office of Sustainable Fisheries, 368 p. [Asp].

Highly Migratory Species Management Division. 1999. Final fishery management plan for Atlantic tuna, swordfish, and sharks. Vol 1. Silver Springs, MD: Office of Sustainable Fisheries, 409 p. [CS, IP, LN, AV, CL, PG].

Hildebrand, S.F. 1941. An annotated list of salt and brackish water fishes, with a new name for menhaden, found in North Carolina since the publication of ‘The Fishes of North Carolina’ by Hugh M. Smith in 1907. Copeia 1941(4): 220-232. [AV].

Hinman, K. 1997. Sharks: More protection needed. Salt Water Sportsman Sep 342-43. [PG].

Hirayama, N. 1976. Study on predation damages to hooked tuna by shark in longline fishery. J. Tokyo Univ. Fish. 62: 125-138.

Hixon, M.A. 1979. Term fetuses from a large common thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus. Calif. Fish Game 65(3): 191-192. [AV].

Hoenig, J.M. 1979. The vertebral centra of sharks and their use in age determination [M.Sc. Thesis]. Kingston, RI: University of Rhode Island. [CF].

Hoese, H.D. and Moore, R.H. 1977. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico: Texas, Louisiana, and adjacent waters. 1st ed. Texas: Texas A&M University Press. 327 p. [AS AV IO IP CL CF DV].

Hoese, H.D. and Moore, R.H. 1998. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico: Texas, Louisiana, and adjacent waters. 2nd ed. Texas: Texas A&M University Press 327 p. [AV AS IP IO CF CL CS DV].

Hoff, T.B. and Musick, J.A. 1990. Western North Atlantic shark-fishery management problems and informational requirements, pp. 455-472. In: Pratt, H. L. et. al., eds. Elasmobranchs as living resources: advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the states of fisheries. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS. [PG IP IO AS].

Hognestad, P.T. 1973. Rare fishes in north Norway recorded during 1970 and 1971. Cons. Explor. Mer, Ann. Biol. 28: 220-221. [PG].

Holden, M.J. 1974. Problems in the rational exploitation of elasmobranch populations and some suggested solutions. Jones, E. H., ed. Sea fisheries research. London: Logos, pp. 117-137. [LN AV AS CL IO PG].

Holts, D.B. 1988. Review of US west coast commercial shark fisheries. Mar. Fish. Rev. 50(1): 1-8. [IO].

Holts, D.B. and Bedford, D.W. 1993. Horizontal and vertical movements of the shortfin mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus, in the southern California bight. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 44: 901-909. [IO].

Holts, D.B., Julian, A., Sosa-Nishizaki, O. and Bartoo, N.W. 1998. Pelagic shark fisheries along the west coast of the United States and Baja California, Mexico. Fish. Res. 39(2): 115-125. [AV AS AP IO PG].

Hongxi, Z., Siming, D. and Guogiang, X. 1987. Report on the elasmobranchiate fishes occurring in the region of the continental shelf and continental slope in the East Chine (sic) Sea. Rep. Japan. Group Elasmobranch Stud. 24 ed., Japanese Soc. for Elasmobranch Studies, 16-19. [AV AP].

Honma, Y. 1952. A list of the fishes collected in the Province of Echigo, including Sado Island. Japan. J. Ichthyol. 2(3): 138-145. [IO LN AP].

Honma, Y. 1957. On the pituitary gland of some Japanese elasmobranchiate fishes. Japan. J. Ichthyol. 5(3/4/5/6): 107-113. [IO].

Howard, F. 1993. Sharks: The creatures behind the myth. Encounters (May/June) 12-14. [PG].

Hubbs, C.L. 1951. Record of the shark Carcharhinus longimanus, accompanied by Naucrates and Remora, from the east-central Pacific. Pac. Sci. 5(1): 78-81. [CL].

Hubbs, C.L. and Follett, W.I. 1947. Lamna ditropis, new species, the salmon shark of the North Pacific. Copeia 1947(3). [LD].

Hueter, R.E., Fong, W.G., Henderson, G., French, M.F. and Manire, C. 1995. A. Methylmercury concentration in shark muscle by species, size, and distribution of sharks in Florida coastal waters. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80: 893-899. [CF].

Hurley, P. 1996. Review of the porbeagle shark fishery in Atlantic Canada. The Shark Tagger 1996 Summary. 12-13. [LN].

Hurley, P.C.F. 1998. A review of the fishery for pelagic sharks in Atlantic Canada. Fish. Res. 39(2): 107-113. [LN IO PG].

ICCAT Secretariat. 1997. Shark catch statistics based on data received at the ICCAT secretariat. Working Group on Sharks, Shimizu, Japan, March 11-14, 1997. WCBC/97/02. 16 p. [AV AS CF CL IO IP LN PG CS].

Ishihara, H. 1990. The skates and rays of the western North Pacific: an overview of their fisheries, utilization, and classification. Elasmobranchs as living resources: advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries. NOAA Tech Rep. NMFS 90. 485-497. [DV].

Ito, R.Y. and Machado, W.A. 1997. Annual report of the Hawaii-based longline fishery for 1996. Southwest Fisheries Science Center Administrative Report. NMFS, NOAA; H-97-12. 48 p.

Iwata, M. 1982. A dicephalous specimen of the blue shark, Prionace glauca, from Sanriku. Rep. Japan. Group Elasmobranch Stud. 6 ed.; Japanese Soc. for Elasmobranch Studies: 27-28. [PG].

James, W.W. 1953. The succession of teeth in elasmobranchs. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 123: 419-474. [LN].

Johansson-Sjobeck, M.-L. and Stevens, J.D. 1976. Haematological studies on the blue shark, Prionace glauca L. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 56: 237-240. [PG].

Jones, S. 1969. Catalogue of fishes from the Laccadive Archipelago in the Reference Collections of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. Inst., Bull. 8. ii + 30 pp. [IO AV].

Jordan, D.S. 1884. List of fishes collected at Key West, Florida, with notes and descriptions. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 7: 103-150. [CL].

Joseph, D.C. 1954. A record-size thresher from southern California. Calif.Fish.Game 40: 433-435. [AV].

Joseph, L. 1999. Management of shark fisheries in Sri Lanka, pp. 339-366. In: Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/1. [AP, AS, AV, IO, IP, CF, CL, PG].

Joyce, W.N. 1999. Management of shark fisheries in Atlantic Canada, pp. 74-108. In: Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/1. [PG, LN, IO, AV, CL].

Kalmijn, A.J. 1982. Electric and magnetic field detection in elasmobranch fishes. Science 218(4575): 916-918. [PG].

Kato, S. 1964. Sharks of the genus Carcharhinus associated with the tuna fishery in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Circ. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. 172. [CL].

Kato, S., Springer, S. and Wagner, M.H. 1967. Field guide to eastern Pacific and Hawaiian sharks. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Circ. 271. 1-47 pp. [LN].

Keithan, E.D., Ma, J.Y. and Raschi, W. 1992. Tendon structure of the caudal fin in the blue shark, Prionace glauca. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 43(1):149-156. [PG].

Kennedy, W.J. 1974. A diver’s guide to Long Island, New York. Skin Diver (July)10-15: 22-23. [AV].

Kenney, R.D., Owen, R.E. and Winn, H.E. 1985. Shark distributions off the northeast United States from marine mammal surveys. Copeia 1985(1): 220-223. [PG].

Killam, K. and Parsons, G. 1986. First record of the longfin mako, Isurus paucus, in the Gulf of Mexico. Fish. Bull. (U.S.). 84(3): 748. [IO IP].

Kingman, A. 1996. Reproduction in porbeagles. The Shark Tagger 1996 Summary 13-17. [LN].

Kingman, A. 1996. Satellite tracking blue sharks. Shark News 76. [PG].

Kiyono, H. 1998. Shark fisheries and trade in the Americas Volume I: North America. Washington D.C.: TRAFFIC North America: 1-201. [PG IO LN].

Klimley, A.P. and Myrberg, A.A. 1979. Acoustic stimuli underlying withdrawal from a sound source by adult lemon sharks,Negaprion brevirostris (Poey). Bull. Mar. Sci. 29(4): 447-458. [CL CF].

Klunzinger, C.B. 1870. Synopsis der Fische des Rothen Meeres. Leipzig: W. Braumuller. [IO CF].

Kobayashi, H. and Yamaguchi, Y. 1978. The hooked rate of longline-caught fish and shark damage. Mie Daigaku Suisan Kenkyuu Houkoku 5: 117-128.

Kohler, N. 1996. NMFS cooperative shark tagging program. Shark News 71-72. [IO CS CL CF AS AV IP LN].

Kohler, N.E. 1987. Aspects of the feeding ecology of the blue shark, Prionace glauca, in the western North Atlantic. Ph.D. Dissertaition. Univ. Rhode Island. 163 p. [PG].

Kohler, N.E.; Casey, J.G., and Turner, P.A. 1996. Length-length and length-weight relationships for 13 shark species from the Western North Atlantic. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. NOAA Tech. Memor. NMFS-NE 110. 22 pp. [AS AV IO LN CF CS PG].

Krefft, G. 1968. Neue und erstmalig nachgewiesene Knorpelfische aus den Archibenthal des Sudwestatlantiks, einschlie Blich einer Diskussion einiger Etmopterus– Arten sudlicher Meere. Arch. Fischereiwiss. 19(1): 1-42. [CS].

Krefft, G. 1980. Results of the research cruises of FRV “Walther Herwig” to South America. LIII. Sharks from the pelagic trawl catches obtained during Atlantic transects, including some specimens from other cruises. Arch. Fisch Wiss. 30(1): 1-16. [CF].

Krogh, M. 1994. Spatial, seasonal and biological analysis of sharks caught in the New South Wales protective meshing program. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 45: 1087-1106. [PG LN].

Krogh, M. and Reid, D. 1996. Bycatch in the protective shark meshing programme off south-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Biol. Conserv. 77: 219-226. [LN PG].

Krumholz, L.A. 1957. A record of the night shark, Hypoprion signatus, from Bimimi, Bahamas. Copeia 1957(4): 300-301. [CS].

Kuroda, N. 1951. A nominal list with distribution records of the fishes of Suruga Bay inclusive of the fresh-water species found near the coast. Japan. J. Ichthyol. 1(5): 314-338. [AP].

Kwang-Ming Liu, Che-Tsung Chen, Tai-Hsiang Liao and Shoou-Jen Joung. 1999. Age, growth, and reproduction of the pelagic thresher shark, Alopias pelagicus, in the northwestern Pacific. Copeia 1999(1): 68-74. [AP].

Lübbert, H. and Ehrenbaum, E. 1936. Handbuch der Seefischerei Nordeuropas. B. II. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 357 p. [PG].

Lai, N.C., Korsmeyer, K.E., Katz, S., Holts, D.B., Laughlin, L.M. and Graham, J.B. 1997. Hemodynamics and blood properties of the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus). Copeia 1997(2): 424-428. [IO PG].

Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D. 1994. Sharks and Rays of Australia. East Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Australia. [AP AS AV IO LN CF CL PG DV].

Laughlin, L. 1995. Annual Newsletter. Pelagic Shark Tagging Program 1: 1-4. [IO PG].

Laughlin, L. and Ugoretz, J. 1999. An observation of blue shark parturition in the southern California bight. Calif. Fish Game 85(2): 83-84. [PG].

Le Brasseur, R.J. 1964. Stomach contents of blue shark (Prionace glauca L.) taken in the Gulf of Alaska. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 21: 861-862. [PG].

Leigh-Sharpe, W.H. 1924. The comparative morphology of the secondary sexual characters of elasmobranch fishes. Memroirs VI, VII. J. Morph. 39: 553-577. [PG].

Leim, A.H. and Scott, W.B. 1966. Fishes of the Atlantic coast of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res Bd. Canada 155:1-485. [AV].

Lewis, U.J., Singh, R.N.P., Seavey, B.K., Lasker, R. and Pickford, G.E. 1972. Growth hormone and prolactin-like proteins of the blue shark (Prionace glauca). Fish. Bull. (U.S.). 70(3): 933-939. [PG].

Liao, T.S. 1996. Some aspects of fishery biology on the pelagic thresher shark, Alopias pelagicus, in the northeastern waters, Taiwan. National Taiwan Ocean Univ.; M.S. thesis. 68p. [AP].

Limbaugh, C. 1963. Field notes on sharks, pp. 63-94. In: Gilbert, P.W., ed. Sharks and Survival. Boston: D.C. Heath and Co. [PG AV].

Lindberg, G.U. and Legeza, M.I. 1959. Fishes from the Sea of Japan and adjoining regions of the Sea of Okhost and the Yellow Sea, Part 1. Moscow and Leningrad: Acad. Sci. USSR Press 1-207. pp. [PG].

Lineaweaver, T.H. and Backus, R.H. 1969. The natural history of sharks. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippencott Company, 256 p. [CL IO].

Litvinov, F.F. 1982. Two forms of teeth in blue shark, Prionace glauca (Carcharhinidae). J. Ichthyol. 20(4): 154-156. [PG].

Liu, K., Chiang, P. and Chen, C. 1998. Age and growth estimates of the bigeye thresher shark, Alopias superciliosus, in northeastern Taiwan waters. Fish. Bull. 96(3): 482-491. [AS].

Lloris, D., Rucabado, J.C., Portas, F., Demestre, M. and Roig, A. 1984. Tots els peixos del Mar Català. I. Llistat de cites i referències. Barcelona: Treballs Soc. Cat. Ict. Herp. 1. 208 p. + 1 fig. [DV AV IO LN CL PG].

Lo Bianco, S. 1909. Notizie biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturita sessuale degli animali del golfo di Napoli. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel. 19: 513-761. [DV PG].

Lohberger, J. 1910. Über zwei riesige Embryonen von Lamna . Abh. D. II Kl. D. K. Ak. D. Wiss. IV. Suppl. Bd. (2. Abhandlg.): 1-45 + 5pl. [LD].

Lopez, A.M., McLellan, D.B., Bertolino, A.R. and Lange, M.D. 1979. The Japanese longline fishery in the Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Fish. Sci. 41(10): 23-28.

Lowe, R.T. 1839. Supplement to a synopsis of the fishes of Madeira. J. Zool., London 7: 76-92. [LN].

Lowe, R.T. 1840. Description of some new species of Madeirian fishes, with additional information relating to the already described. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 8: 36-39. [AS].

Lowe, R.T. 1841. A synopsis of the fishes of Madeira; with the principle synonyms, Portuguese names, and characters of the new genera and species. Trans. Zool. Soc. London 2(3): 173-200. [PG].

Lowe, R.T. 1850. An account of fishes discovered or observed on Madeira since the year 1842. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 18: 247-253. [AV].

Lucy, J.A., Chartier, N.J. and DuPaul, W.D. 1989. Catch trends and fish utilization in Virginia’s offshore recreational pelagic fishery, 1987-1988. Gloucester Pt., VA: Va. Inst. Mar. Sci.; Project Completion Rep., Year Two, Wallop-Breaux Proj. F-62-R. 37 p.

Lyle, J.M. 1987. Northern pelagic fish stock research programme: summary of catch and effort data. Dept. of Industries and Development, Northern Territory. Fish. Rep. 16. 54 pp.

Müller, J. and Henle, J. 1841. Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Berlin, 37p. [CL].

Mahon, R. 1990. Fishery management options for Lesser Antilles countries. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organizational of the United Nations, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 313, 126 p. [PG].

Manday, D.G. 1975. Short-range marine pelagic fishing of northwest Cuba. Cuban Sci.Acad. Ocean. Inst. Ser 31. [CS].

Mann, F.G. 1954. Vida de los peces en aguas chilenas. Santiago. 342 p. [LN].

Martin, A.P. 1993. Application of mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis to the problem of species identification of sharks. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS. 115: 53-59. [CF C L PG].

Martin, A.P., Naylor, G.J.P. and Palumbi, S.R. 1992. Rates of mitochondrial DNA evolution in sharks are slow compared with mammals. Nature 357: 153-155. [IO IP LN AS AV].

Martinez, J. 1999. Casos de estudios sobre el manejo de las pesquerías de tiburones en el Ecuador, pp. 682-727. In:Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/2. [AS, AV, CL, PG, IO].

Mather, F.J. and Day, C.G. 1954. Observations of pelagic fishes of the tropical Atlantic. Copeia 1954(3): 179-188. [CL PG].

Mathew, F.J. and Gibbs, R.H. 1957. Distributional records of fishes from the waters off New England and the Middle Atlantic states. Copeia 1957(3): 242-244. [CS].

Maul, G.E. 1955. Five species of rare sharks new for Madeira including two new to science. Notulae Naturae, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 279: 11 p. [CL].

McCormick, H.W., Allen, T. and Young, W.E. 1963. Shadows in the sea. Philadelphia: Chilton Books. 415 p. [IO].

McCosker, J.E. 1985. White shark attack behavior: observations of and speculations about predator and prey strategies. Mem. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 9: 123-125. [PG IO].

McCulloch, A.R. 1916. Report on some fishes obtained by the F.I.S. “Endeavour” on the coast of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South and South-Western Australia. Part IV. Zool. (Biol.) Res. Fish Ecp. “Endevour”. 4: 167-200. [AV].

McEachran, J.D. and Fechhelm, J.D. 1998. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume One. Austin: University of Texas Press. 1112 p. [AS AV IO IP CF CL CS PG].

McKay, R.J. 1970. Additions to the fish fauna of western Australia – 5. West. Australia Dept. Fish. Fauna, Fish. Bull. 9(5): 1-24. [CL].

McKenney, J. 1976. The great blue shark Prionace glauca (Linnaeus), 1758. Skin Diver (Feb.): 58-59. [PG].

McKenzie, R.A. 1959. Marine and freshwater fishes of the Miramichi River and Estuary, New Brunswick. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 16(6): 806-833. [LN].

McKenzie, R.A and Tibbo, S.N. 1964. A morphometric description of blue shark (Prionace glauca) from Canadian Atlantic waters. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 21(4): 865-866. [PG].

McKenzie, R.A. and Tibbo, S.N. 1964. A morphometirc description of porbeagle (Lamna nasus) from Canadian Atlantic waters. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 21(4): 863-864. [LN].

McKinnell, S. and Seki, M.P. 1998. Shark bycatch in the Japanese high seas squid driftnet fishery in the North Pacific Ocean. Fish. Res. 39(2): 127-138. [PG LD].

Mejuto, J. 1985. Associated catches of sharks, Prionace glauca, Isurus oxyrinchus, and Lamna nasus with NW and N Spanish swordfish fishery, in 1984. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, C.M. 1985 / H: 42. [PG LN IO].

Mejuto, J. and Garces, A.G. 1984. Shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, and porbeagle, Lamna nasus, associated with longline swordfish fishery in NW and N Spain. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, C.M. 1984 / G: 72. [PG IO LN].

Mello, J. 1997. Porbeagle shark age and growth. The Shark Tagger 1997 Summary. 16-17. [LN].

Meng Qingwen and Zhu Yuanding. 1985. A study of the spiral valves of Chinese cartilaginous fishes. Acta Zool. Sinica 31(3): 277-284. [PG AP].

Menni, R.C. 1981. Sobre la distribución de los peces marinos de la Argentina, pp. 57-73. In: Symposia, VI Jorn. Arg. Zool. [CS].

Menni, R.C. 1986. Shark biology in Argentina: a review, pp. 425-436. In: Taniuchi, T. et al., eds. Indo-Pacific Fish Biology. Tokyo: Icht. Soc. Japan. [IO LN AV CL CS PG].

Menni, R.C. 1998. First record of a porbeagle shark, Lamna nasus, in brackish waters of Mar Chiquita Lagoon, Argentina. Cybium 22(1): 87-88. [LN]

Menni, R.C. and Gosztonyi, A.E. 1977. Nuevas localidades para Raja trachyderma y Lamna nasus (Chondrichthyes, Rajidae y Lamnidae). Neotrópica 23(69): 65-68. [LN].

Menni, R.C., Hazin, F.H.V. and Lessa, R.P.T. 1995. Occurrence of the night shark Carcharhinus signatus and the pelagic stingray Dasyatis violacea off northeastern Brazil. Neotrópica 41: 105-110. [CS DV].

Menni, R.C., Lucena, F.M., Boeckmann, C.E. and Hazin, F.H.V. 1993. Descricao morfometrica, distribucao e abundancia do tubarao tuninha, Carcharhinus signatus, no Atlantico Sudoeste Equatorial, p. 27. In: Resumos VI Reuniao do Grupo de Trabalho sobre Pesca e Pesquisa de Tubaroes e Raias no Brasil. Recife, Brazil. [CS].

Menni, R.C., Ringuelet, R.A. and Aramburu, R.H. 1984. Peces marinos de la Argentina y Uruguay: Ed. Hemisferio Sur. 359 p. [CL].

Migdalski, E.C. 1950. Expeditions and the new hall of fishes. Yale Scientific Magazine 25(1). [IO].

Miller, D.J. and Collier, R.S. 1981. Shark attacks in California and Oregon, 1926-1979. Calif. Fish Game 67(2): 76-104. [PG].

Miller, D.J. and Lea, R.N. 1972. Guide to the coastal marine fishes of California. Calif. Dept. Fish Game, Fish Bull. 157: 235 p. [AV AS IO LD PG CL DV].

Mizue, K. 1982. Oophagy in the thresher shark, Alopias pelagicus (thresher shark nourishes his embryo by egg-capsules with many ova). Rep. Japan. Group Elasmobranch Stud. 7 ed., Japanese Soc. for Elasmobranch Studies 35-37. [AP].

Mizushima, Y. 1971. Fishery biology of salmon shark. Tokyo: University of Tokyo. 181 pp. [LD].

Mobray, L.L. 1939. Certain citizens of the warm seas. La Gorce, J. O., (ed.). The Book of Fishes. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. pp. 178-218. [AV].

Moles, A. 1982. Parasite – host records of Alaskan fishes. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-760. 41 p. [LD].

Mollet, H.F., Cliff, G., Pratt, H.L. and Stevens, J.D. 1997. Reproductive parameters of the shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus. Program and Abstracts of 77th Annual Meeting of American Society of Ichthyology and Herpetology. 214p. [IO].

Mollet, H.F., Cliff, G., Pratt, H.L. and Stevens, J.D. 2000. Reproductive biology of the female shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchusRafinesque, 1810 with comments on the embryonic development of lamnoids. Fish. Bull. 98(2).

Mooney-Seus, M.L. and Stone, G.S. 1996. The forgotten giants. Giant ocean fishes of the Atlantic and Pacific. Washington, D.C.: Ocean Wildlife Campaign. 64 pp. [AV IO PG].

Mora, O., de Amorim, A.F., Fedelle, L. and Arfelli, C.A. 1991. Estado actual de la pesca de tiburones pelagicos en el Uruguay y Brasil. Resumos Encontro Nac. Pesca e Aquic. Santos, S.P., Brasil. 26 p. [PG IO LN CL AS CS].

Moraes, M.N. 1962. Development of the tuna fishery of Brazil and preliminary analysis of the first three years’ data. Arq. Est. Biol. Mar. Univ. Ceara. 2(2): 35-37. [PG].

Moreno, J.A. and Moron, J. 1992. Comparative study of the genus Isurus (Rafinesque, 1810), and description of a form (‘Marrajo Criollo’) apparently endemic to the Azores. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 43(1): 109-122. [IO IP].

Moreno, J.A. and Moron, J. 1992. Reproductive biology of the bigeye thresher shark, Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1839). Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 43(1): 77-86. [AS].

Moreno, S. and Pol, J. 1992. Caracter¡sticas biol¢gico-pesqueras de Carcharhinus falciformis (Bibron, 1839) en el noroccidente de Cuba. Ciencias Biol¢Gicas, Cuba. 24: 127-133. [CF].

Morrow, J.E. 1955. A thresher shark from Long Island Sound. Postilla (24). [AV].

Mundus, F. and Wisner, B. 1971. Sportfishing for sharks. New York: Macmillan. p. 380. [PG AV LN IO].

Munoz-Chapuli, R. 1985. Analisis de las capturas de escualos pelagicos en el Atlantico Nororiental (15º-40º N). Inv. Pesq. 49(1): 67-79. [CS].

Murphy, G. 1992. Shark photography is tricky business. Skin Diver 41(11): 16-17, 39-44. [PG].

Murphy, R.C. 1919. Notes on a mackeral shark, Isurus tigris (Atwood), from New York. Copeia 1919(69): 32-34 + 1 pl. [IO].

Murray, J.J. 1962. Gulf of Maine bluefin tuna exploration. Commercial Fisheris Review 15(7): 1-17.

Musick, J.A., Branstetter, S. and Colvocoresses, J.A. 1993. Trends in shark abundance from 1974 to 1991 for the Chesapeake Bight region of the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Coast. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 115: 1-18. [CF AS IO PG CS].

Myrberg, A.A. 1991. Distinctive markings of sharks: ethological considerations of visual function. J. Exp. Zool. Suppl. 5(156-166). [CL PG CF].

Myrberg, A.A. 1987. Understanding shark behavior, pp. 41-83. In: Cook, S. Sharks: An inquiry into biology, behavior, fisheries, and use. Portland: Oregon State University; EM 8330. [CF CL PG IO].

Myrberg, A.A., Banner, A. and Richard, J.D. 1969. Shark attraction using a video-acoustic system. Mar. Biol. 2(3): 264-276. [CF].

Myrberg, A.A., Gordon, C.R. and Klimley, A.P. 1975. Attraction of free-ranging sharks by acoustic signals in the near-subsonic range. RSMAS-Univ. Miami, Tech. Rep. 75-4. 42. [CF CL].

Myrberg, A.A., Gordon, C.R. and Klimley, A.P. 1975. Rapid withdrawal from a sound source by sharks under open-ocean and captive conditions. Off. Nav. Res. Tech. Rep. TR 75-5. 25 p. [CF].

Myrberg, A.A., Gordon, C.R. and Klimley, A.P. 1976. Attraction of free ranging sharks by low frequency sound, with comments on its biological significance. Schuijf, A. and Hawkins, A. D., (eds.). Sound Reception in Fish. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 205-228. [CF].

Myrberg, A.A., Gordon, C.R. and Klimley, A.P. 1978. Rapid withdrawal from a sound source by open-ocean sharks. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64(5): 1289-1297. [CL CF].

Myrberg, A.A., Ha, S.J., Walewski, S. and Banbury, J.C. 1972. Effectiveness of acoustic signals in attracting epipelagic sharks to an underwater sound source. Bull. Mar. Sci. 22(4): 926-949. [CF].

Nagai, M. 1957. Tuna longline fishing gear and methods. Commercial Fisheries Review 15(7): 1-17.

Nageon de Lestang, J. 1999. Management of shark fisheries in Seychelles, pp. 285-315. In: Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/1. [CL].

Nair, R.V., Appukuttan, K.K. and Rajapandian, M.E. 1974. On the systematics and identity of four pelagic sharks of the family Carcharhinidae from the Indian region. Indian J. Fish. 21(1): 220-232.

Nakamura, H. 1935. On the two species of the thresher shark from Formosan waters. Mem. Fac. Sci. Agric. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 14: 1-6. [AP AS].

Nakano, H. 1985. Distribution and biological characteristics of the blue shark in the central Pacific Ocean. Rep. Japan. Group Elasmobranch Stud. 19 ed., Japanese Soc. for Elasmobranch Studies.9-20. [PG].

Nakano, H. 1994. Age, reproduction and migration of blue shark in the North Pacific Ocean. Natl. Res. Inst. Far Seas Fish. 31: 141-256. [PG].

Nakano, H. 1999. Fishery management of sharks in Japan, pp. 552-579. In: Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/2. [PG, IO, AV, CL, IP, AS, AP].

Nakano, H., Makihara, M. and Shimazaki, K. 1985. Distribution and biological characteristics of the blue shark in the central North Pacific. Bull. Faculty Fish, Hokkaido Univ. 36(3): 99-113. [PG].

Nakano, H. and Nagasawa, K. 1993. The distribution of pelagic sharks in the North Pacific Ocean, as indicated by bycatch data from Japanese high seas surveys. Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Fisheries Oceanography, Tokyo, July 8-9. 22-23. [LD].

Nakano, H. and Nagasawa, K. 1994. Distribution of salmon shark (Lamna ditropis) in the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. Salmon Rep. Ser. 37: 230-237. [LD].

Nakano, H. and Nagasawa, K. 1996. Distribution of pelagic elasmobranchs caught by salmon research gillnets in the North Pacific. Fisheries Sci. 62(6): 860-865. [LD PG IO DV].

Nakano, H., Okada, K., Watanabe, Y. and Uosaki, K. 1993. Outline of the large-mesh driftnet fishery of Japan. Internatl. No. Pacific Fish. Comm. Bull. 53: 25-37. [PG LD].

Nakano, H., Okazaki, M. and Okamoto, H. 1997. Analysis of catch depth by species for tuna longline fishery based on catch by branch lines. Bull. Nat. Res. Inst. Far Seas Fishes. 34: 43-62. [AS AP IO IP CF CL PG DV].

Nakano, H. and Seki, T. 1994. Cruise report of the Japanese tuna longline fishery (central tropical Pacific: Ashumara). National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries 73. [CL].

Nakano, H. and Shimazaki, K. 1989. Gill net mesh selectivity for the blue shark (Prionace glauca L.). Bull. Fac. Fish, Hokkaido Univ. 40(1): 22-29. [PG].

Nakano, H. and Watanabe, Y. 1991. Effect of high seas driftnet fisheries on blue shark stock in the North Pacific. Compendium of documents submitted to the Scientific Review of North Pacific Highseas Driftnet Fisheries. Sydney, Vol. 1. [CL PG].

Nakaya, K. 1971. Descpirtive notes on a porbeagle, Lamna nasus, from Argentine waters, compared with the north Pacific salmon shark, Lamna ditropis. Bull. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ. 21: 269-79. [LD LN].

Nakaya, K. 1982. Dasyatis violaceae, pp. 54-55 + 315. In: Okamura, O. et al., eds. Fishes of the Kyushu-Palau ridge and Tosa Bay. Tokyo: Tosho Printing Co. [DV].

Neave, F. and Hanavan, M.G. 1960. Seasonal distribution of some epipelagic fishes in the Gulf of Alaska region. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 17(2): 221-233. [LD PG].

Needham, J. 1950. Biochemistry and Morphogenesis. Cambridge: University Press. xvi + 785 + 2. [PG].

Nelson, D.R. 1969. Meeting the shark underwater. Underwater Naturalist 6(2): 13-26. [CF].

Nelson, D.R. 1969. The silent savages. Oceans 1(4): 8-22. [CF].

Nelson, D.R. 1990. Telemetry studies of sharks: a review, with applications in resource management, pp. 239-256. In: Pratt, H.L., Gruber, S.H. and Taniuchi, T., eds. Elasmobranchs as Living Resources: Advances in the Biology, Ecology, Systematics, and the Status of the Fisheries. NOAA Tech. Report No. NOAA-MNFS-SWFSC-90. [IO].

Nelson, D.R. and Johnson, R.H. 1980. Behavior of the reef sharks of Rangiroa, French Polynesia. Natl. Geogr. Soc. Res. Rep. 12: 479-499. [IO CF CL].

Nelson, D.R., Johnson, R.H. and Waldrop, L.G. 1969. Responses in Bahamian sharks and groupers to low-frequency, pulsed sounds. Bull. Sth. Calif. Acad. Sci. 68(3): 131-137. [CF].

Nichols, J.T. 1927. The marine fishes of New York and southern New England. Zoologica 91-192. [PG CL CF].

Nichols, J.T. 1952. Some curious inhabitants of the Gulf Stream. La Gorce, J. O., (ed.). The Book of Fishes. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society: 157-161. [CL].

Nichols, J.T. and Murphy, R.C. 1916. Long Island fauna. IV. The sharks (Order Selachii). Brooklyn Mus. Sci. Bull. 3(1): 1-34. [IO LN PG AL].

Nicol, J.A.C. 1964. Reflectivity of the chorioidal tapeta of selachians. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 21(5): 1089-1100. [PG].

Nienhuis, H.J. and Klimley, A.P. 1989. Seasonal abundance and feeding habits of sharks of the lower Gulf of California, Mexico. Calif. Fish Game 75(2): 74-84. [CF].

Nion, H. 1999. La pesquería de tiburones en Uruguay con expecial referencia al cazón (Galeorhinus galeus Linnaeus 1758), pp. 218-267. In: Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/1. [AV, AS, IO, LN, CL, PG].

Nishida, K. and Nakaya, K. 1990. Taxonomy of the genus Dasyatis (Elasmobranchii, Dasyatidae) from the North Pacific. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 90: 327-346. [DV].

O’Boyle, R.N., Fowler, G.M., Hurley, P.C.F., Showell, M.A., Stobo, W.T. and Jones, C. 1996. Observations on blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the North Atlantic. DFO Atlantic Fisheries Research Document 96/25. 22 p. [PG].

O’Boyle, R.N., Fowler, G.M., Hurley, P.C.F., Showell, M.A., Stobo, W.T. and Jones, C. 1996. Observations on porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus) in the North Atlantic. DFO Atlantic Fisheries Research Document 96/24. 29 p. [LN].

O’Boyle, R.N., Fowler, G.M., Hurley, P.C.F., Showell, M.A., Stobo, W.T. and Jones, C. 1996. Observations on shortfin mako shark ( Isurus oxyrinchus) in the North Atlantic. DFO Atlantic Fisheries Research Document 96/26. 16 p. [IO].

O’Brien, J.W. and Sunada, J.S. 1994. A review of the southern California experimental drift longline fishery for sharks, 1988-1991. Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Inv. Rep. 35: 222-229. [IO PG].

Oikawa, S. and Kanda, T. 1997. Some features of the gills of a megamouth shark and a shortfin mako, with reference to metabolic activity, pp. 93-104. In: Yano, K., Morrissey, J.F., Yabumoto, Y. and Nakaya, K., (eds.). Biology of the Megamouth Shark. Japan: Tokai University Press. [IO].

Okamura, O., Amaoka, K. and Mitani, F., (eds.). 1982. Fishes of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge and Tosa Bay. Japan. Fish. Res. Conserv. Assoc. Tokyo 435 p. [AS].

Oldewage, W.H. and Smale, M.J. 1993. Occurrence of piscine parasitic copepods (Crustacea) on sharks taken mainly off Cape Recife, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 13: 309-312. [IO].

Oliver, A. Discussion paper pursuant to Cites Resolution Conf. 9. 17. An overview of the impacts on the biological status of sharks. Report prepared for the 13th meeting of the CITES Animals Committee. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Springs, MD. 105 p. [LN PG IO AS CF CL].

Osipov, V. 1968. The biology and fishing of the tuna and other pelagic fishes in the northeast Indian Ocean. Trudy Vesesoiuznogo Naughno Issledovatel’Skogo Inst. Morskogo Rybnog. Khoziaistra I. Okeanografii. 64: 300-322.

Osipov, V.G. 1968. Some features of the distribution of tuna and other pelagic fishes in the northwestern Indian Ocean. Probl. Ichthyol. 8(1): 22-28. [AS CL PG].

Osorno, R.M. 1992. Aspectos biologicos de los tiburones capturados en las costas de tamaulipas en las costas de tamaulipas y Veracruz, Mexico. Masters thesis (Universidad Veracruzana) 147 p. [CF CS IO AV].

Otake, T. 1982. Fine structure of the placenta of blue shark, Prionace glauca. Rep. Japan. Group Elasmobranch Stud. 12 ed. Japanese Soc. for Elasmobranch Studies 106-109. [PG].

Otake, T. and Mizue, K. 1981. Direct evidence for oophagy in thresher shark, Alopias pelagicus. Japan. J. Ichthyol. 28(2): 171-172. [AP].

Otake, T. and Mizue, K. 1985. The fine structure of the placenta of the blue shark, Prionace glauca. Japan. J. Ichthyol. 32(1): 52-59. [PG].

Otake, T. and Mizue, K. 1986. The fine structure of the intra-uterine epithelium during late gestation in the blue shark,Prionace glauca. Japan. J. Ichthyol. 33(2): 162-167. [PG].

Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission. 1990. Interjurisdictional Fishery Management Plan for Thresher Shark. Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission 28 p. [AV].

Paiva, M.P. and Le Gall, J.Y. 1975. Catches of tuna and tuna like fishes in the longline fishery areas off the coast of Brazil. Arq. Cian. Mar. 15(1): 1-18. [PG].

Pascoe, P.I. 1986. Fish otoliths from the stomach of a thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 66: 313-317.

Paterson, R.A. 1979. Shark meshing takes a heavy toll on harmless marine animals. Australian Fisheries 1979(October): 17-23. [PG LN].

Paterson, R.A. 1990. Effects of long-term anti-shark measures on target and non-target species in Queensland, Australia. Biological Conservation 52: 147-159. [PG LN].

Paust, B. 1987. The developing Alaska salmon shark fishery, 173-178 pp. In: Cook, S. Sharks: An inquiry into biology, behavior, fisheries, and use. Portland: Oregon State University; EM 8330. [LD IO LN].

Paust, B. and Smith, R. Salmon shark manual: the development of a commercial salmon shark, Lamna ditropis, fishery in the North Pacific. Alaska Sea Grant Rep. 86-01. Petersburg 430 pp. [LD].

Pawson, M. and Vince, M. 1999. Management of shark fisheries in the northeast Atlantic, pp. 1-46. In: Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/1. [AS, AV, IO, LN, PG].

Paxton, J. R. 1994. Habitats and adaptations, pp. 32-41. In: Paxton, J.R. and Eschmeyer, W.N., (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. [PG].

Pearce, H. 1987. Shoreside processing of shark, pp. 187-190. In: Cook, S. Sharks: An inquiry into biology, behavior, fisheries, and use. Portland: Oregon State University, EM 8330. [IO].

Pelagics Plan Team and Council Staff. 1998. Pelagic fisheries of the western Pacific region. 1997 Annual Report. Western Pacific Fishery Management Council. 233 p.

Pepperell, J.G. 1992. Trends in the distribution, species composition and size of sharks caught by gamefish anglers off south-eastern Australia, 1961-90. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 43(1): 213-225. [PG IO].

Pequeno, G. 1989. Peces de Chile: Lista sistematica revisada y comentada. Rev. Biol. Mar., Valparaiso 24(2): 1-24. [DV AV IO LN PG].

Pethon, P. 1970. Occurrence of the great blue shark Prionace glauca in Norwegian waters. Rhizocrinus 1(3). [PG].

Peyer, B. 1968. Comparative Odontology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 347 p. + 88 pl. [PG IO].

Philippi, R.A. 1887. Sobre los tiburones i algunos otros peces de Chile. Ann. Univ. Chile 71: 535-550 + pls 1-4. [LN].

Philippi, R.A. 1902. Descripcion de cinco nuevas especies chilenas del orden de los Pelagiostomos. Anales De La Univ. De Chile. 109: 1-15 + 1 pl. [PG].

Phillipps, W.J. 1924. A review of the elasmobranch fishes of New Zealand: No. 1. New Zealand J. Sci. Technol. 6(5/6): 257-269. [LN AV PG].

Phillips, W.J. 1935. Sharks of New Zealand: No. 4. New Zealand J. Sci. Technol. 16: 236-241. [LN AV PG].

Pillai, P.P. and Homma, M. 1978. Seasonal and areal distribution of the pelagic sharks taken by the tuna longline in the Indian Ocean. Bull. Far Seas Fish. Res. Lab. 16: 33-49.

Pinhorn, A.T. 1976. Porbeagle (Lamna nasus). Living marine resources of Newfoundland – Labrador: status and potential. Pinhorn, A.T., ed. Bull. Fish. Res Bd. Canada. Bull. 194. p.16. [LN].

Pitrovsky, A.S. Composition and Vertical Distribution of the Benthopelagic Ichthyofauna of the Southern Part of the Kerguelen Ridge. Rep. Fourteenth Meet. Sci. Comm. Conserv. Antarctic Mar. Liv. Resouce. Hobart, WG-FSA-96/13. [LN].

Plante, J.M. 2000. Dogfish plan sharply cuts this year’s quota. Commer. Fish. News Feb: 1B.

Plante, J.M. 2000. Dogfish quota for 2000: Councisl at odds. Commer. Fish. News Feb: 2B-3B.

Poey, F. 1868. Repertorio fisico-natural de la Isla de Cuba II. Habana. [CS].

Poll, M. 1947. Faune de Belgique. Poissons Marins. Bruxelles, Belgium: Mus. Royal d’Histoire Nat. de Belgique 452 p. + 2 pl. + 2 maps. [AV].

Poll, M. 1951. Expédition oceanographique belge dans les eaux cotiéres africaines de l’Atlantique Sud (1948-1949). Resultats Scientifiques, Institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique 4(1). [CF].

Powell, E.D. 1950. Preliminary report on the 1950 North Pacific albacore tuna explorations on the “John N. Cobb”. Commercial Fisheries Review 12(12): 1-7. [PG].

Prasad, R.R. 1944. The structure, phylogenetic significance, and function of the nidamental glands of some elasmobranchs of the Madras coast. Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India, Part B, Biol. Sci. 11: 282-302. [PG].

Pratt, H.L. 1979. Reproduction in the blue shark, Prionace glauca. Fish. Bull., U.S. 72(2): 445-470. [PG].

Pratt, H.L. 1988. Elasmobranch gonad structure: A description and survey. Copeia 1988(3): 719-729. [PG CL IO].

Pratt, H.L. 1993. The storage of spermatozoa in the oviductal glands of western North Atlantic sharks. Env. Biol. Fish. 38: 139-149. [PG].

Pratt, H.L. and Casey, J.G. 1983. Age and growth of the shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 8. 175-177 p. [IO].

Pratt, H.L. and Casey, J.G. 1983. Age and growth of the shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, using four methods. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 1944-1957. [IO].

Pratt, H.L., Casey, J.G. and Conklin, R.B. 1982. Observations on large white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, off Long Island, New York. Fish. Bull. (U.S.). 80(1): 153-156. [IO PG].

Pratt, H.L. and Otake, T. 1990. Recommendations for work needed to increase our knowledge of reproduction relative to fishery management. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS. 90: 509-510. [PG].

Pratt, H.L. and Tanaka, S. 1994. Sperm storage in male elasmobranchs: a description and survey. J. Morph. 219: 297-308. [AS IO LN CF PG].

Pshenichnov, L.K. 1997. A dogfish species new for ichthyofauna of subantarctic regions: Squalus acanthias(Squalidae). J. Ichthyol. 37(8): 678-679. [LN].

Quero, J.C. 1970. Observations francaises sur les poissons rares en 1968 et 1969. Cons. Explor. Mer. Ann. Biol. 26: 280-282. [IO AV].

Quero, J.C. 1972. Observations francaises sur les poissons rares en 1970. Cons. Explor. Mer. Ann. Biol. 27: 195. [IO AV].

Quero, J.C. 1973. Observations francaises sur les poissons rares en 1971. Cons. Explor. Mer. Ann. Biol. 28: 223-224. [IO AV].

Quignard, J.P. and Capapé, C. 1971. Étude du nombre de vertebres chez trente et une especes de selaciens des cotes de Tunisie. Bull. Inst. Oceánogr. Pêche, Salammbô 2(2): 157-163. [AV].

Quignard, J.P. and Capapé, C. 1971. Liste commentee des selaciens de Tunisie. Bull. Inst. Oceánogr. Pêche Salammbô. 2(2): 131-141. [AV].

Radcliffe, L. 1916. The sharks and rays of Beaufort, North Carolina. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 34(822): 239-284 +12 pl. [AV].

Rae, B.B. 1962. Porbeagle sharks. Dept. Ag. Fish., Scot. Fish. Bull. 18: 17-18. [LN].

Rafinesque, C.S. 1810. Indice d’Ittiologia Siciliana. 70 + 2 pls. p. [IO].

Randall, J.E. 1963. Dangerous sharks of the Western Atlantic. Gilbert, P.W., Garrick, J.A.F. and Schultz, L.P., (eds.). Sharks and survival. Boston, D.C.: Heath and Company. pp. 339-361. [CL].

Randall, J.E. 1973. Expedition to Pitcairn. Oceans Mag. 6(2): 12-21. [IO].

Randall, J.E. and Levy, M.F. 1976. A near-fatal shark attack by a mako in the northern Red Sea. Israel J. Zool. 25: 61-70. [IO].

Randall, J.E., Smith, C.L. and Feinberg, M.N. 1990. Report on fish collections from Rapa, French Polynesia: American Museum of Natural History; American Museum Novitates 2966. 44 p. [IO].

Ranzi, S. and Zezza, P. 1936. Fegato, maturita sessuale e gestazione in Trygon violacea. Pubbl. Staz. Zool. Napoli. 15: 355-367. [DV].

Raschi, W. and Elsom, J. 1986. Comments on the structure and development of the drag reduction-type placoid scale. Uyeno, T. et. al., eds. Indo-Pacific Biology. Tokyo: The Ich. Soc. Japan. 408-424 p. [CF CS PG].

Raschi, W., Musick, J.A. and Compagno, L.J.V. 1982. Hypoprion bigelowi, a synonym of Carchrhinus signatus(Pisces: Carcharhinidae), with a description on ontogenitic heterodenty in this species and notes on its natural history. Copeia 1982(1): 102-109. [CS].

Reid, D.D. and Krogh, M. 1992. Assessment of catches from protective shark meshing off New South Wales beaches between 1950 and 1990. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 43(1): 283-296. [PG LN].

Rivas, L.R. and McClellan, D.B. 1982. Shark investigations by the National Marine Fisheries Service, Miami Laboratory. Florida Scientist 45(1): 40-45. [IO IP LN AV AS CF CL PG].

Rochon-Duvigneaud, A. 1943. Les Yeux et la vision des vertébrés. Paris: Masson et cie. 719 p. [IO].

Rodríguez de la Cruz, M.C., Castillo-Geniz, J.L. and Márquez, F.J.F. 1996. Evaluacíon de la pesquera de tiburón del Golfo de México. México, México: Instituto Nacional de la Pesca; Informe Final del Proyecto de Investigacíon. [AS AV CF CL CS IO IP].

Roedel, P.M. 1953. Common ocean fishes of the California coast. California Dept. Fish Game, Fish Bull. 91. 184 p. [AV IO LD PG ].

Roedel, P.M. and Ripley, W.E. 1950. California sharks and rays. California Div. Fish Game, Fish Bull. 75. 88 p. [AV IO LD PG].

Rosenblatt, R.H. and Baldwin, W.J. 1958. A review of the Eastern Pacific sharks of the Genus Carcharhinus, with a redescription of C. malpeloensis (Fowler) and California records of C. remotus (Dumeril). Calif.Fish.Game 44(2): 137-59. [CF].

Ruiz, C. and Lopez, N.M. 1999. Estudio sobre la pesqueria del tiburon en Guatemala, pp. 174-198. In: Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/1. [CF, AP, PG].

Russell, S.J. 1993. Shark bycatch in the northern Gulf of Mexico tuna longline fishery, 1988-91, with observations on the nearshore directed fishery. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 115: 19-29. [CL CF AS IP IO AV].

Sadowsky, V. and Amorim, A.F. 1977. Sobre a composicão da fauna, dos esqualos pelagicos do Brasil. RESUMOS-Suplemento De Ciencia e Cultura 29(7): 192. [PG CF CL IO AS AV].

Sadowsky, V., Amorim, A.F. and Arfelli, C.A. 1986. Primero registro de ocorrencia de anequim – preto, Isurus paucus no Atlantico Sul. 13th Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia. Resumes: 119. [IP].

Sadowsky, V., Amorim, A.F., Arfellic, C.A. and Hazin, F.H.V. 1988. Ocorrencia de anaquim-preto, Isurus paucus Guitart and Manday, 1966, no nordeste do Brasil. XV Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia, Curitiba (Feb.) [IP].

Sadowsky, V., Arfelli, C.A. and Amorim, A.F. 1985. First record of porbeagle, Lamna nasus (Bonnaterre, 1799), in the Brazilian Atlantic. B. Inst. Pesca, São Paulo 12(2): 49-53. [LN].

Sadowsky, V. and de Amorim, A.F. 1977. Primeiro registro de ocorrencia da arraia pelagica Dasyatis violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) nas aguas do Atlantico Sul Occidental. Ciencia e Cultura, Supl. Resumos 29(7): 792. [DV].

Sadowsky, V., De Amorim, A.F., Arfelli, C.A. and Gadig, O.B.G. 1986. Composicão da fauna de peixes cartilaginosos pelágicos do Sudeste e Sul do Brasil. Res. II Reuniao Grupo Trab. Maranhao.

Saemundsson, B. 1949. Marine Pisces. The Zoology of Iceland 4(72): 1-149. [LN].

Sainsbury, K.J., Kailola, P.J. and Leyland, G.G. 1985. Continental shelf fishes of northern and north-western Australia. An illustrated guide. Canberra: CSIRO Division of Fisheries Research, Clouston & Hall and Peter Pownall Fisheries Information Services. 375 pp. [AS AV CF].

Sano, O. 1959. Notes on the salmon shark as a predator of salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) in the North Pacific Ocean. J. Hokkaido Fish. Exp. Stn. (16:65-75). [LD].

Sano, O. 1959. The possible cause of diagonal slashes on the North Pacific salmon. J. Hokkaido Fish. Exp. Stn. 16: 348-350. [LD].

Sano, O. 1960. The investigation of salmon shark as predator on salmon in the North Pacific, 1959. Bull. Hokkaido Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 22: 68-82. [LD].

Sano, O. 1962. The investigation of salmon shark as predator on salmon in the North Pacific, 1960. Bull. Hokkaido Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 24: 148-162. [LD].

Santos, R.S., Porteiro, F.M. and Barreiros, J.P. 1997. Marine fishes of the Azores: Annotated checklist and bibliography. Arquipelago – Life and Marine Sciences. University of Azores, Bull. U. Azores Supp. 1. 244 p. [AS PG AV DV IO LN CL].

Sargent, J.R. ,Gatter, R.R. and McIntosh, R. 1973. The distribution of neutral lipids in shark tissues. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 53: 649-656. [PG].

Scattergood, L.W. 1949. Notes on the Maine shark fishery. Copeia 1949(1): 69-71. [LN].

Scattergood, L.W. 1962. First record of mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, in Maine waters. Copeia 1962(2): 462. [IO].

Scattergood, L.W. and Coffin, G.W. 1957. Records of some Gulf of Maine fishes. Copeia 1957(2): 155-156.

Scattergood, L.W., Trefethen, P.S. and Coffin, G.W. 1951. Notes on Gulf of Maine fishes in 1949. Copeia 1951(4): 297-298. [PG].

Schaefers, E.A. 1952. North Pacific albacore tuna exploration–1951. Commercial Fisheries Review 14(5): 1-12. [PG].

Schaefer, E.A. 1953. North Pacific albacore tuna exploration–1952. Commercial Fisheries Review. 15(9): 1-6. [PG].

Schuck, H.A. and Clark, J.R. 1951. Record of a white-tipped shark, Carcharhinus longimanus, from the northwestern Atlantic. Copeia 1951(2):172. [CL].

Schwartz, F. 1961. Salt and brackish species: record Maryland fish. Maryland Conservationist. 38(3): (6 p.). [IO].

Schwartz, F.J. and Avent, R.K. 1981. Vertebral aging of scalloped hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini, and seven other sharks from North Carolina by silver nitrate and crystal violet staining methods. ASB Bull. 28(2): 54-55. [CF].

Schwartz, F.J. and Burgess, G.H. 1975. Sharks of North Carolina and adjacent waters: N.C. Div. Mar. Fish., Info. Ser. 57 p. [AS AV IO LN CF CL PG].

Schwartz, F.J., Hogarth, W.T. and Weinstein, M.P. 1981. Marine and freshwater fishes of the Cape Fear estuary, North Carolina, and their distribution in relation to environmental factors. Brimleyana 7: 17-37. [CF].

Sciarotta, T.C. and Nelson, D.R. 1977. Diel behavior of the blue shark, Prionace glauca, near Santa Catalina Island, California. NOAA Fishery Bull. 75(3): 519-528. [PG].

Scott, T.D., Glover, C.J.M. and Southcott, R.V. 1974. The Marine and Freshwater Fishes of South Australia. 2nd ed. South Australia: A.B. James. [PG IO].

Scott, W.B. and Tibbo, S.N. 1968. An occurrence of the pelagic stingray, Dasyatis violacea, in the northwest Atlantic. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 25: 1075-1076. [DV].

Seki, T., Taniuchi, T., Nakano, H. and Shimizu, M. 1998. Age, growth and reproduction of the oceanic whitetip shark from the Pacific Ocean. Fisheries Sci. 64(1): 14-20. [CL].

Seymour, H.H. and Danberg, K.S. Shark. Sea Grant Advisory Service Bulletin. Newark, DE: Delaware Sea Grant Advisory Service 6 p. [IO].

Shann, E.W. 1911. A description of the advanced embryonic stage of Lamna cornubica. Fish. Board Scotland Ann. Rept. 28: 73-79. [LN].

Shann, E.W. 1923. The embryonic development of the porbeagle shark, Lamna cornubica. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 11: 161-171. [LN].

Shapiro, S. 1950. The Japanese longline fishery for tunas. Commercial Fisheries Review. 12(4): 1-26.

Shcherbachev, Yu. N., Dolganov, V.N. and Timokhin, I.G. 1982. Deep-Sea Cartilaginous Fishes (Chondrichthyes) from the Southern Hemisphere Waters, pp. 6-31. In: Maloizuchennye ryby otkrytogo okeana (Poorly Studied Fishes of Open Ocean). Moskow. [LN].

Shimada, B.M. 1951. Japanese tuna-mothership operations in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean. Commercial Fisheries Review 13(6): 1-26.

Shiobara, Y. 1983. Elasmobranch specimens from Suruga Bay deposited in the Marine Science Museum, Tokai University. Rep. Japan. Group Elasmobranch Stud. 16 ed., Japanese Soc. for Elasmobranch Studies 11-15. [AV PG].

Siccardi, E., Gosztonyi, A.E. and Menni, R.C. 1981. La presencia de Carcharodon carcharias e Isurus oxyrinchus en el Mar Argentino (Condrichthyes, Lamniformes). Physis (Buenos Aires) Secc. A. 39(97): 55-62. [IO].

Simpfendorfer, C. 1999. Management of shark fisheries in western Australia, pp. 425-455. In: Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/1. [IO].

Sivasubramaniam, K. 1963. On the sharks and other undesirable species caught by tuna longline. Rec. Oceanogr. Works Japan 17: 221-236. [PG CL].

Sivasubramaniam, K. 1964. Predation of longline catches in the Indian Ocean by killer-whales and sharks. Bull. Fish. Res. Stn., Ceylon 17(2): 221-236. [PG CL].

Skerry, B. 1996. The Ultimate Guide to Sharks: a behind the scene look at a Discovery Channel documentary. Sport Diver (July/ August): 36-40. [CF].

Skomal, G. 1989. Age and growth of the blue shark, Prionace glauca, in the North Atlantic (M.S. Thesis). Kingston, RI: Univ. Rhode Island. 82 pp. [PG].

Skomal, G.B. and Chase, B.C. 1995. Survivorship studies: an update. The Shark Tagger 1995 Summary 13-14. [PG].

Skomal, G. and Chase, B. 1996. Release mortality studies in Massachusetts. Shark News 78-9. [PG IO].

Sloan, G. and Clark. A. 1956. Shark Fishing in the English Channel. Fishing Gazette 138: 1255-1256. [PG].

Smith, H.M. 1898 (1897). The fishes in the vicinity of Woods Hole. Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 17: 85-111 + 1 map. [PG AV].

Smith, J.L.B. 1953. The shark, Isurus oxyrinchus, in South African waters. Nature 171: 977 + 2 figs. [IO].

Smith, J.L.B. 1957. Sharks of the genus Isurus Rafinesque, 1810. Rhodes Univ. Ich. Bull. 691-96. [IO].

Smith, J.L:B. 1958. Sharks of the genus Pterolamiops Springer, 1951 with notes on isurid sharks. Rhodes Univ. Ich. Bull. 10: 131-134 + 1 pl. [IO].

Smith, J.L.B. 1965. New records and descriptions of fishes from Southwest Africa. Occ. Pop. Dept. Ichthy., Rhodes Univ. 3. 23 p. + 5 pl. [IO].

Smith, J.L.B. 1965. The sea fishes of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Central News Agency Ltda. 580 p. [LN].

Smith, J.L.B. 1972. The fishes of Aldabra – part I. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 8(12): 304-312. [CF].

Smith, P.J. 1986. Low genetic variation in sharks (Chondrichthyes). Copeia 1986(1): 202-207. [PG].

Smith, S.E., Au, D.W. and Show, C. 1998. Intrinsic rebound potentials of 26 species of Pacaific sharks. Mar. Freshwater Res. 49(7): 663-678. [DV AV CL PG IO LN LD AP AS].

Snyderman, M. 1980. Diving the outer edge of adventure. Skin Diver (Apr.)16-18. [PG].

Springer, S. 1938. Notes on the sharks of Florida. Proc. Fla. Acad. Sci. 3:9-41. [PG AV IO].

Springer, S. 1943. A second species of thresher shark from Florida. Copeia 1943(1): 54-55. [AS].

Springer, S. 1943. Sharks and their behavior, with particular reference to eight genera implicated in reports of attacks on man. U.S. Navy, Emergency Rescue Equipment Section. 31 p. + 1 map. [PG].

Springer, S. 1950. A revision of North American sharks allied to the genus Carcharhinus. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1451, 13 p. [CL CS IO].

Springer, S. 1950. An outline for a Trinidad shark fishery. Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute. Proceedings 2nd Session 17-26. [IO].

Springer, S. 1960. Natural history of the sandbar shark, Eulamia milberti. Fish. Bull., U.S. 61. 1-38. [CF].

Springer, S. 1963. Field observations on large sharks of the Florida – Caribbean region, pp. 95-113. In: Gilbert, P.W., ed. Sharks and Survival. Boston: D. C. Heath. [CS].

Springer, S. and Bullis, H.R. 1956. Collections by the Oregon in the Gulf of Mexico: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Special Scientific Report – Fish. 196. 134 p. [IO AV CF CL].

Springer, S. and Thompson, J.R. 1957. Night sharks, Hypoprion, from the Gulf of Mexico and the Straits of Florida. Copeia 1957(2): 160. [CS].

Springer, V.G. and Gold, J.P. 1989. Sharks in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book. Smithsonian Institution Press. 187 p. [AS AV CL CS IO PG LN].

Springer, V.G. and Gold, J.P. 1992. Sharks in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book (Japanese edition). Heibonsha Ltd., Publishers. pp. 245-262. [AS AV CL CS IO PG LN].

Starks, E.C. 1917. The sharks of California. Calif. Fish Game 3(4): 145-153. [AV PG LN].

Starr, R.M., Johnson, K.A., Laman, E.A. and Carilliet, G.M. 1998. Fishery Resources of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. A Publication of the California Sea Grant College Program. La Jolla, CA: CA Sea Grant; T-042. 102 p. [AV].

Stevens, J.D. 1973. Stomach contents of the blue shark (Prionace glauca L.) off south-west England. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 53: 357-361. [PG].

Stevens, J.D. 1974. Occurrence of heavy metals in the blue shark Prioncae glauca and selected pelagic in the N. E. Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol. 26: 287-293. [PG].

Stevens, J.D. 1974. The occurrence and significance of tooth cuts on the blue shark (Prionace glauca L.) from British waters. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 54: 373-378. [PG].

Stevens, J.D. 1975. Vertebral rings as a means of age determination in the blue shark (Prionace glauca L.). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 55: 657-665. [PG CL].

Stevens, J.D. 1976. The Ecology of the Blue Shark (Prionace glauca L.) in British Waters. Ph.D. Thesis. U. of London. [PG].

Stevens, J.D. 1976. First results of shark tagging in the northeast Atlantic, 1972-1975. J. Mar. Biol. Ass . U.K. 56: 929-937. [PG].

Stevens, J.D. 1983. Observations on reproduction in the shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus. Copeia 1983(1): 126-130. [LN IO].

Stevens, J.D. 1984. Biological observations on sharks caught by sport fishermen off New South Wales. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 35(5): 573-590. [IO AV PG CL CF].

Stevens, J.D. 1984. Life history and ecology of sharks at Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean. Proc. Roy. Soc., London. 222: 79-106. [CF].

Stevens, J.D. 1987. The shark attack problem in Mogadishu, Somalia. Assessment and recommendations following a one month UNEP funded mission. Hobart, Australia: CSIRO Fisheries. 11 p. [AS IO CF CL].

Stevens, J.D. 1990. Further results from a tagging study of pelagic sharks in the north-east Atlantic. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 70: 707-720. [IO PG LN].

Stevens, J.D. 1992. Blue and mako shark by-catch in the Japanese longline fishery off south-eastern Australia. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 43(1): 227-236. [PG IO].

Stevens, J.D. and Church, A.G. 1984. Northern tagging project yields interesting results. Australian Fisheries 43(9): 6-10. [PG CS CF].

Stevens, J.D., Dunning, M.C. and Machida, S. 1983. Occurrence of the porbeagle shark, Lamna nasus, in the Tasman Sea. Japan. J. Ichthyol. 30(3): 301-307. [LN].

Stevens, J.D. and McLoughlin, K.J. 1991. Distribution, size and sex composition, reproductive biology and diet of sharks from northern Australia. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 42(2): 151-199. [CF].

Stick, K.C. and Hreha, L. Summary of the 1986 and 1987 Washington/Oregon experimental thresher shark gill net fishery. Wash. Dept. Fish., Prog . Rep. 266. 57 pp. [AV].

Stick, K.C. Summary of the 1988 Washington/Oregon experimental thresher shark gill net fishery. Wash. Dept. Fish. Prog. Rep. 275. 40 pp.

Stillwell, C. 1991. The ravenous mako, pp. 77-78. In: Gruber, S. H., (ed.). Discovering Sharks: Amer. Littoral Soc. [IO].

Stillwell, C.E. and Casey, J.G. 1976. Observations on the bigeye thresher shark, Alopias superciliosus, in the western North Atlantic. NOAA Fishery Bull. 74(1): 221-225. [AS].

Stillwell, C.E. and Kohler, N.E. 1982. Food, feeding habits, and estimates of daily ration of the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) in the northwest Atlantic. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39: 407-414. [IO].

Stillwell, C. and Casey, J.G. 1970. Migratory habits of sharks, pp. 184-185. In: Progress in Sport Fishery Research, 1967. Washington: Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Div. of Fishery Research.

Strasburg, D.W. 1958. Distribution, abundance, and habits of pelagic sharks in the central Pacific Ocean. Fish. Bull., U.S. 58(138): 335-361. [AV AP AS CL].

Suda, A. 1953. Ecological study on the blue shark (Prionace glauca Linne). South Seas Area Fish. Res. Lab. Rep. 26, Suppl. 1. 1-11 pp. [PG].

Svetlov, M.F. 1978. The porbeagle, Lamna nasus, in Antarctic waters. J. Ichthyol. 18: 850-851. [LN].

Swamy, K. 1999. Shark fisheries in Fiji: their management and issues of future concern, pp. 580-607. In: Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/2. [CF, CL, PG, IO, IP, AS, AP, AV].

Swenander, G. 1907. Über die Ernährung des Embryos der Lamna cornubica. Zoologiska Studier Tillägan T. Tullberg. Uppsala. pp. 283-288. [LN].

Tanaka, S. 1979. Ecological study on salmon shark Lamna ditropis in the northwestern North Pacific. Tokyo: University of Tokyo. 206 pp. [LD].

Tanaka, S. 1980. Biological survey of salmon shark Lamna ditropis in the northwestern North Pacific. Sur. Rep. Shark Res. Explor. Fisc. Japan Marine Fisheries Resource Center. 59-84 pp. [LD].

Tanaka, S. 1982. Cruise report on the research vessel of salmon shark. Rep. Japan. Group Elasmobranch Stud. 5 ed. Japanese Soc. for Elasmobranch Studies 23-25. [LD PG IO].

Tanaka, S., Cailliet, G.M. and Yudin, K.G. 1990. Differences in growth of the blue shark, Prionace glauca: technique or population? In: Pratt, H.L., Gruber, S.H. and Tanaka, T., ed. Elasmobranchs as Living Resources: Advances in the Biology, Ecology, Systematics, and the Status of the Fisheries. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 90. [PG].

Tanaka, S., Kurokawa, H. and Hara, M. 1995. Comparative morphology of the sperm in chondrichthyan fishes. Mém. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. 166: 313-320. [PG AP IO].

Taniuchi, T. 1979. Species and distribution of pelagic sharks caught by tuna longline. Aquabiol. 1(4): 2-7. [AS PG CL CF IO IP].

Taniuchi, T. 1990. The role of elasmobranchs in Japanese fisheries. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS. 90: 415-426. [PG IO CF CL].

Taniuchi, T. 1994. Some biological aspects of sharks caught by floating longlines. Rep. Japan. Soc. Elasmobranch Stud. 31 ed. Japanese Soc. for Elasmobranch Studies. 1-12. [CF LD LN IO IP AS AV AP PG].

Taniuchi, T. 1997. Some biological aspects of sharks caught by floating longlines – 3. Reproduction. Rep. Japan. Soc. Elasmobranch Stud. 33 ed. Japanese Soc. for Elasmobranch Studies. 6-13. [CL PG CF AS IO].

Taylor, V. 1981. Anti-shark armor that works: Revolutionary dive suit designed and tested by Ron and Valerie Taylor. Skin Diver (Oct.) 23-27. [PG].

Taylor, V. 2000. Shark Tagging News. CDFG Shark Tagging Program 5: 1-4. [AV IO PG].

Taylor, V. 2000. Shark Tagging News. A Newsletter of the CDFG Shark Tagging Program. California Dept. Fish Game vol. 5., 4 p. [PG, IO, AV].

Telles Antunes, M. 1970. Presence de Alopias supercilliosus (Lowe) dans les mers du Portugal. Remarques sur les Alopias(Selachii) recents et fossiles. Arq. Mus.Bocage 2(19): 363-379. [AS].

Templeman, W. 1963. Distribution of sharks in the Canadian Atlantic (with special reference to Newfoundland waters). Bull. Fish. Res Bd. Canada 140: 177. [LN].

Templeman, W. 1966. Répartition des requins dans l’Atlantique Canadien (et plus particulièrement dans les eaux de Terre-Neuve). Office Des Recherches Sur Les Pêcheries Du Canada, Bull. 140: 83 p. LN AV PG].

Thompson, D’A.W. 1947. A Glossary of Greek Fishes. Oxford: University Press. vi + 302 p. [PG].

Thompson, K.S. and Simanek, D.E. 1977. Body form and locomotion in sharks. Amer. Zool. 17: 343-354. [CF].

Thomson, D.A. and McKibbin, N. 1976. Gulf of California Fishwatcher’s Guide. Tucson, AZ: Golden Puffer Press. 75 pp. [PG].

Tibbo, S.N. 1962. New records for occurrence of the white tip shark, Pterolamiops longimanus (Poey), and the dolphin,Coryphaena hippurus L., in the northern Atlantic. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 19(3):517-518. [CL].

Tibbo, S.N., McKenzie, R.A. and Scott, W.B. 1963. An occurrence of mako sharks, Isurus oxyrinchus, Rafinesque 1810, in the Canadian Atlantic. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 20(5): 1353-1354 + 2 figs. [IO].

Tibbo, S.N. and Scott, W.B. 1965. Canadian Atlantic sharks. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Bio. Sta., St. Andrews, N. B. General Series Circ. 47. 4 p. [CF].

Tortonese, E. 1937. Intorno agli squali del genere Alopias. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. R. Univ.Torino. 46(78): 1-7. [AV].

Tortonese, E. 1956. Leptocardia, Ciclostomata, Selachii Fauna d’Italia Vol. II. Bologna, Italy: Officine Grafiche Calderini. [DV PG].

Tortonese, E. 1969. The squaliforms of the Ligurian Sea: A revised list with notes. Israel J. Zool. 18: 233-236. [IO LN AV PG].

Tricas, T.C. 1979. Relationships of the blue shark, Prionace glauca, and its prey species near South Catolina Island, California. Fish. Bull., U.S. 77(1): 175-18. [PG].

Tubbesing, V. 1998. Cranial, orbital rete, and red muscle vein anatomy indicate a high degree of endothermy in the brain and eye of the salmon shark, Lamna ditropis. Hopkins Marine Station Spring Project. student abstract. [LD].

Tucker, D.W. 1958. Supplementary note on the breeding of the blue shark Prionace glauca (L.). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser B. 1: 315-316. [PG].

Tucker, D.W. and Newnham, C.T. 1957. The blue shark Prionace glauca (L.) breeds in the British seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 12. 10(117): 673-688. [PG].

Tzimoulis, P.J. 1978. 1st annual shark tagging contest: a CBS sports spectacular. Skin Diver (Sept.) 56-60. [PG].

U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service. 1978. Atlantic billfishes and sharks preliminary fishery management plan. Federal Register 43(19): 3818-3835. [PG IP IO CS CL CF AV AS LN].

Uchida, S., Yasuzumi, F., Toda, M. and Okura, N. 1987. On the observations of reproduction in Carcharodon carcharias andIsurus oxyrinchus. Rep. Japan. Group Elasmobranch Stud. 24 ed. Japanese Soc. for Elasmobranch Studies. 5-6. [IO].

Ugoretz, J. 1998. Shark Tagging News. CDFG Shark Tagging Program 3: 1-4. [AV IO IP PG].

Ugoretz, J. 1998. Shark Tagging News. Newsletter of the CDFG Shark Tagging Program. Cal. Dept. Fish Game vol. 3., 4 p. [PG, IO, AV, IP].

Ugoretz, J. 1999. Shark Tagging News. CDFG Shark Tagging Program 4: 1-4. [AV CL IO PG].

Ugoretz, J. 1999. Shark Tagging News. Newsletter of the CDFG Shark Tagging Program. Cal. Dept. Fish Game vol. 4., 4 p. [PG, IO, AV].

Urquhart, D. 1981. The Pacific salmon shark. Sea Front. 27(6): 361-363. [LD].

U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service. 1978. Chapter IV-Fishery conservation and management, NOAA, Department of Commerce final rulemaking. Federal Register. 43(56): 11824-11826.

U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service. 1993. Secretarial shark fishery management plan for the Atlantic Ocean. Washington, D.C.: National Marine Fisheries Service.

U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service. 1994. Report of the shark evaluation workshop. March 14-18, 1994. Miami, FL: U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Southeast Fish. Sci. Center.

U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service. 1995. 1995 shark evaluation annual report. Miami, FL: U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Southeast Fish. Sci. Center.

U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service. 1996. 1996 report of the shark evaluation workshop. Miami, FL: U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Southeast Fish. Sci. Center.

U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service. 1996. Amendment 1 to the fishery management plan for Atlantic sharks including an environmental assessment, and regulatory impact review. Silver Spring, MD: National Marine Fisheries Service,101 p.

U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service. 1997. 1997 shark evaluation annual report. Miami, FL: U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Southeast Fish. Sci. Center.

U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service. 1997. Framework seasonal adjustment of management measures under the fishery management plan for sharks final environmental assessment and regulatory impact review / final regulatory flexibility analysis. Silver Springs, MD: U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Office Sustainable Fisheries.

Vaillant, L. 1885. Sur les dimensions comparatives des adultes et des jeunes chez un poisson élasmobranche, l’Alopias vulpes. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 10: 41-42. [AV].

Van Beneden, P.J. 1871. Les poissons des cotes de Belgique, leurs parasites et leurs commensaux. Mem. De L’ Academie R. De Belgique Classe Des Sciences Collection. 38XX + 100. [PG].

Vas, P. and Thorpe, T. 1998. Commercial landings of sharks in south-western England. Shark News 12(Nov.): 8-9. [IO LN].

Vooren, C.M., Haimovici, M., Vieira, P.C., Duarte, V.S. and Ferreira, B.P. 1988. Pesca experimental na margem externa da plataforma e no talude continental do Rio Grande do Sul no inverno de 1986. Anais V Congr. Bras. Engenh. Pesca. 435-447. [CS].

Waite, E.R. 1904. Catalogue of the fishes of Lord Howe Island. Rec. Aust. Mus. 5(3): 187-230. [PG].

Walford, L.D. 1931. The sharks and rays of California. California Div. Fish Game, Fish Bull. 45. 68 p. [PG].

Walford, L.D. 1935. The sharks and rays of California. California Div. Fish Game, Fish Bull. 45. 66 p. [AV IO LD].

Walford, L.A. 1944. Observations on the shark fishery in the central part of the Gulf of California with records of vitamin potency of liver oils and with keys to the identification of commercially important sharks. Fishery Market News 6(6): 1-6. [PG].

Walford, L.A. 1974. Marine game fishes of the Pacific coast from Alaska to the Equator. Neptune, NJ: T.F.H. Publications, Inc. 1-205. pp.

Walker, T.I. 1998. Can shark resources be harvested sustainably? A question revisited with a review of shark fisheries. Mar. Freshwater Res. 49: 553-572. [PG].

Walker, T.I. 1998. Sustainability of shark fisheries, p. 2. In: Gribble, N.A., McPherson, G. and Lane, B., eds. Shark Management and Conservation. Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Dept. of Primary Industries. [LN].

Wallett, T.S. 1973. Analysis of shark meshing returns off the Natal coast. M.Sc. thesis. Durban: University of Natal. 117 p. [IO].

Waterman, S. 1979. Focus on sharks. Skin Diver (Mar.) 8-13. [CL].

Wathne, F. 1959. Summary report of exploratory longline fishing for tuna in Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, 1954-1957. Commercial Fisheries Review 21(4): 1-26. [CL].

Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council. 1999 or 2000. Amendment 9 to the Fishery Management Plan for the pelagic Fisheries of the Western Pacifc Region. Honolulu, Hawaii, 63 p.

Wetherbee, B.M., Lowe, C.G. and Crow, G.L. 1994. A review of shark control in Hawaii with recommendations for future research. Pac. Sci. 48(2): 95-115. [IO CF PG].

Wheeler, A. and Blacker, R.W. 1969. Rare and little-known fishes in British seas in 1966 and 1967. J. Fish Biol. 1: 311-331. [PG].

Wheeler, A., Blacker, R.W. and Pirie, S.F. 1975. Rare and little-known fishes in British seas in 1970 and 1971. J. Fish Biol. 7(2): 183-201. [IO AV PG].

Wheeler, J.F.G. 1960. Sharks of the western Indian Ocean – III. Carcharhinus menisorrah (Muller and Henle). East Afr. Agric. J. 25(4): 271-273. [CF].

White, A.W. and Barwani, M.A. 1971. Common Sea Fishes of the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Dubai: Trucial States Council; Vol. I. 166 p. [AV].

White, E.G. 1937. Interrelationships of the Elasmobranchs with a key to the order Galea. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 74: 82-86. [PG].

Whitley, G.P. 1929. Studies in ichthyology No. 3. Rec. Aust. Mus. 17(3): 101-143 + 5 pl. [IO].

Whitley, G.P. 1937. Studies in ichthyology No. 10. Rec. Aust. Mus. 20(1): 3-24 + 1 pl. [AV].

Whitley, G.P. 1940. The Fishes of Australia. Part 1. The Sharks, Rays, Devil-fish, and other Primitive Fishes of Australia and New Zealand. Sidney: R. Zool. Soc. N.S.W. 280 pp. [PG AV].

Wigler, R.L. and Stinton, F.C. 1973. Distribution of macroscopic remains of recent animals from marine sediments off Massachusetts. Fish Bull., U.S. 71(1): 1-40. [PG].

Williams, P.G. 1999. Shark and related species catch in tuna fisheries of the tropical western and central Pacific Ocean, pp. 860-879. In: Shotton, R., ed. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. Rome: FAO 378/2. [AP, AS, CF, CL, DV, IO, IP, PG].

Wilson, P.C. and Beckett, J.S. 1970. Atlantic Ocean distribution of the pelagic stingray, Dasyatis violacea. Copeia 1970(4): 696-707. [DV].

Witzell, W.N. 1985. The incidental capture of sharks in the Atlantic United States Fishery Conservation Zone reported by the Japanese tuna longline fleet. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS. 31: 21-22. [PG CF CL].

Wright, V.D. 1981. Some observations on the biology of the sharks of the Florida Keys and adjacent waters. MS. Thesis. Boca Raton: Florida Atlantic University. 477 p. [CF CS IO IP CL].

Yoshimura, H. and Kawasaki, S. 1984. The sharks caught on the Kakuyo – Maru in 1983 and the environment of the fishing ground. Rep. Japan. Group Elasmobranch Stud. 18: 1-4. [CF CL PG].

Yoshimura, H. and Kawasaki, S. 1985. Silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) in the tropical water of western Pacific. Rep. Japan. Group Elasmobranch Stud. 20 ed. Japanese Soc. for Elasmobranch Studies 6-10. [CF].


Pelagic Elasmobranch Bibliography compiled by:
George H. Burgess, Amanda J. Chunco, Wendy M. Nadik, and Sharon Johnson
Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611