Biogeography: Page 4

Historical biogeography of trans-Andean Gymnotiformes .

A, Paleogeographic reconstruction of northern South America and southern Middle America immediately before the uplift of the Eastern Cordillera in the late Middle Miocene (c. 12 Ma). Map redrawn from Hoorn et al. (1995) and Ituralde-Vincent and MacPhee (1999). Long arrows indicate prevailing directions of marine paleocurrents; short arrows indicate direction continental sediment paleotransport. Dark shading indicates highlands, light shading lowlands. Note mouth of paleo-Amazon in area of modern Maracaibo Basin.

B, Basal four nodes of Gymnotidae (clade A) superimposed on paleogeographic reconstruction (Albert et al. 2004). Note basal split in Gymnotus (clade C) between clades endemic to South America (clade D) and Middle America (clade E).

C, Phylogenetic relationships of Gymnotus clade F. Note the single cis-trans Andean species pair nested at a terminal position in the phylogeny.

D, Phylogenetic relationships of Gymnotus clade G. Note the two cis-trans Andean taxa nested at terminal positions.

E, Phylogenetic relationships of Sternopygus (Hulen et al. 2004). Note the two cis-trans Andean taxa nested at terminal positions in the phylogeny. Physical position of terminals on maps only informative with respect to locations in Middle America and South America, or cis- and trans-Andean watersheds.

References:

ALBERT, J. S., W. G. R. CRAMPTON, D. H. THORSEN, and N. R. LOVEJOY. 2004. Phylogenetic systematics and historical biogeography of the Neotropical electric fish Gymnotus (Gymnotidae: Teleostei). Systematics and Biodiversity. in press.

HOORN , C., J. GUERRERO, G. A. SARMIENTO, and M. A. LORENTE. 1995. Andean tectonics as a cause for changing drainage patterns in Miocene Northern South America. Geology. 23:237-240.

ITURALDE-VINCENT, M. A., and R. D. E. MACPHEE. 1999. Paleogeography of the Caribbean region: implications for Cenezoic biogeography. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 238:1-95.

HULEN, K. G., W. G. R. CRAMPTON, and J. S. ALBERT. 2004. Phylogenetic systematics of the Neotropical electric fish Sternopygus (Sternopygidae: Teleostei). Systematics and Biodiversity. in press.

[PREVIOUS PAGE] | [NEXT PAGE]