SUBFAMILY: Pseudemydurinae Gaffney 1977, Am. Mus. Novit. 2620:24.

DISTRIBUTION: As for the single species.

Pseudemydura Siebenrock 1901, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Naturwiss. Kl. 38(22):248.

TYPE SPECIES: Pseudemydura umbrina Siebenrock 1901, by monotypy.
DISTRIBUTION: As for the single species.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: AU.
COMMON NAME: Western swamp turtle.

Pseudemydura umbrina Siebenrock 1901. Illustration by Urs Woy. Copyright © 1989, 1997 Association of Systematics Collections.

Pseudemydura umbrina Siebenrock 1901, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Naturwiss. Kl. 38(22):249.

TYPE: Holotype: NMW 89 (8450) = 1296.
TYPE LOCALITY: Australia.
DISTRIBUTION: Western Australia; known only from one or two swamps northeast of Perth, near Warbrook.
COMMENT: See Williams 1958, Breviora 84:1-11, for Synonymy and discussion. Burbidge 1981, Australian Wildl. Res. 8:203-223, reviewed distribution and biology.
STATUS: CITES: Appendix I; U.S.A. Endangered Species Act: Endangered. Evaluated by Groombridge 1982, IUCN Amph. Rept. Red Data Book, Pt. 1:279-282, and listed as Endangered. Listed by Ovington 1978, Australian End. Spec. :144, 147, as Endangered. See Honegger 1982, In: Dollinger, CITES Ident. Manual 3: A-301.002.008.001:1-2:1-2.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: AU.
COMMON NAME: Western swamp turtle, Western swamp tortoise, Western short-necked turtle.

FAMILY: Pelomedusidae Cope 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 20:119.

DISTRIBUTION: South America; Africa; Madagascar; Seychelles.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Pritchard and Trebbau 1984, Turt. Venezuela 2:33-41. See Loveridge 1941, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 88:467-524, for revision of the African species.
REVIEWER: R. Mittermeier.

Erymnochelys Baur 1888, Zool. Anz. Leipzig 11:421.

TYPE SPECIES: Dumerilia madagascariensis Grandidier 1867, by monotypy.
DISTRIBUTION: As for the single species.
COMMENT: Frair, Mittermeier, and Rhodin 1978, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 61B:139-143, presented the evidence for the removal of this genus from the synonymy of Podocnemis.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: MG.
COMMON NAME: Madagascan big-headed sideneck turtle.

Erymnochelys madagascariensis (Grandidier 1867). Illustration by Urs Woy. Copyright © 1989, 1997 Association of Systematics Collections.

Erymnochelys madagascariensis (Grandidier 1867), Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris (2)19:232-233.

ORIGINAL NAME: Dumerilia madagascariensis.
TYPE: Holotype: MNHN 9544.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Mouroundava (=Morondava) Tsidsibouque flumina in occidentali insulae Madagasacar littore."
DISTRIBUTION: The rivers draining western Madagascar.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Tronc and Vuillemin 1974, Bull. Acad. Malagache 51(1):189-224. The original genus, Dumerilia, is preoccupied and therefore not available; see Wermuth and Mertens 1977, Das Tierreich 100:119.
STATUS: CITES: Appendix II. Evaluated by Groombridge 1982 IUCN Amph. Rept. Red Data Book, Pt. 1:249-250, and listed as Indeterminate. See Honegger, R.E., R.A. Mittermeier, A.G.J. Rhodin 1985, In: Dollinger, CITES Ident. Manual 3: A-301.009.001.001:1-2.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: MG.
COMMON NAME: Madagascan sideneck turtle, Madagascan big-headed sideneck turtle.

Pelomedusa Wagler 1830, Nat. Syst. Amph. :136.

TYPE SPECIES: Testudo galeata Schoepf 1792 (=Testudo subrufa Lacépčde 1788), by monotypy.
DISTRIBUTION: As for the single species.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: AO, BF, BI, BJ, BW, CD, CF, CG, CI, CM, ET, GA, GH, GN, GQ, GW, KE, LR, MG, MW, MZ, NA, NG, RW, SA, SL, SN, SO, SU, TG, TZ, UG, ZA, ZM, ZR, ZW.
COMMON NAME: Helmeted turtle.

Pelomedusa subrufa )Lacépède 1788). Illustration by Urs Woy. Copyright © 1989, 1997 Association of Systematics Collections.

Pelomedusa subrufa (Lacépčde 1788), Hist. Nat. Quadrup. Ovip. Serp. 1:173.

ORIGINAL NAME: Testudo subrufa.
TYPE: Holotype: MNHN 7970.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Indes" (in error); designated by Mertens 1937, Zool. Anz. Leipzig 117:141, as Cape of Good Hope, Republic of South Africa; designated by Bour 1982, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 4A:531-539, as "Tadanaro (Fort Dauphin), Republique Malagasy" (=Madagascar).
DISTRIBUTION: Madagascar and Africa north to Senegal and Ethiopia, including the extreme southwestern corner of Saudi Arabia.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Loveridge 1941, Bull. Mus. Comp. 88:467-524. See Honegger 1985, In: Dollinger, CITES Ident. Manual 3: A-301.009.002.001:1-2.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: AO, BF, BI, BJ, BW, CD, CF, CG, CI, CM, ET, GA, GH, GN, GQ, GW, KE, LR, MG, MW, MZ, NA, NG, RW, SA, SL, SN, SO, SU, TG, TZ, UG, ZA, ZM, ZR, ZW.
COMMON NAME: Helmeted turtle, African helmeted turtle, Tortue ŕ cou caché africaine, Tortue plate.

Peltocephalus Duméril and Bibron 1835, Erpét. Gén. Hist. Nat. Rept. 2:377.

TYPE SPECIES: Emys tracaxa Spix 1824 (=Emys dumeriliana Schweigger 1812), by monotypy.
DISTRIBUTION: As for the single species.
COMMENT: Frair, Mittermeier, and Rhodin 1978, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 61B:139-143, presented the evidence for the removal of this taxon from the synonymy of Podocnemis.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BR, CO, EC, GF, GY, PE, SR, VE.
COMMON NAME: Big-headed sideneck turtle.

Peltocephalus dumerilianus (Schweigger 1812). Illustration by Urs Woy. Copyright © 1989, 1997 Association of Systematics Collections.

Peltocephalus dumerilianus (Schweigger 1812), Königsberg. Arch. Naturwiss. Math. 1:300.

ORIGINAL NAME: Emys dumeriliana.
TYPE: Formerly in MNHN, now apparently lost.
TYPE LOCALITY: "America meridionali".
DISTRIBUTION: Orinoco and Amazon river drainages of northern South America.
COMMENT: Williams 1954, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 111:279-295, identified MNHN 7893 as a Podocnemis unifilis, which Fretey 1977, Chél. Guyane Française. :111, believed was the holotype of dumerilianus, making Emys tracaxa Spix 1824, the next available name for this taxon. Hoogmoed and Gruber 1983, Spixiana Suppl. 9:345-347, followed Fretey in using the name P. tracaxa. Through a detailed analysis of the original description, Pritchard and Trebbau 1984, Turt. Venezuela 2:89, showed that MNHN 7893 could not be the holotype of dumerilianus because Schweigger's 1812, Königsberg. Arch. Naturwiss. Math. 1:300, paper clearly was based on a Peltocephalus, and not a Podocnemis.
STATUS: CITES: Appendix II. See Honegger, R.E., R.A. Mittermeier, A.G.J. Rhodin 1985, In: Dollinger, CITES Ident. Manual 3: A-301.009.003.001:1-2.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BR, CO, EC, GF, PE, VE.
COMMON NAME: Big-headed sideneck turtle, Big-headed Amazon River turtle, Cabezon.

Pelusios Wagler 1830, Nat. Syst. Amph. :137.

TYPE SPECIES: Testudo subnigra Lacépčde 1830, by subsequent designation of Fitzinger 1843, Syst. Rept. 1:29.
DISTRIBUTION: Africa; Madagascar; Cape Verde, Seychelles, Glorioso, Mauritius, and Diego Garcia islands.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Bour 1983, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)5:343-382; Laurent 1965, Ann. Mus. Roy. Afr. Centr., Sci. Zool. 135:1-33; and Broadley 1981, Occ. Pap. Natl. Mus. Rhodesia, B, Nat. Sci. 6:633-686.
CONTRIBUTOR: D. Broadley.
REVIEWER: R. Laurent.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: AO, BI, BJ, BW, CD, CF, CG, CI, CV, ET, GM, GA, GH, GN, GQ, GW, KE, KM, LR, MG, MR, MU, MW, MZ, NA, NG, RE, RW, SC, SN, SL, SO, TG, TZ, UG, SZ, ZA, ZM, ZR, ZW.
COMMON NAME: African mud turtles.

Pelusios adansonii (Schweigger 1812), Königsberg. Arch. Naturwiss. Math. 1:308.

ORIGINAL NAME: Emys adansonii.
TYPE: Holotype: MNHN 7972.
TYPE LOCALITY: Not stipulated; "Cape Verde, Senegal" designated by Loveridge 1941, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 88:467-524, following Duméril and Bibron 1835, Erpét. Gén. Hist. Nat. Rept. 2:394.
DISTRIBUTION: Across central Africa from Senegal to Sudan.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Bour 1983, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 4(5):343-382.
CONTRIBUTOR: D. Broadley.
REVIEWER: R. Laurent.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BJ, CF, CM, GM, GW, KE, ML, MR, NG, SN, SU, TD.
COMMON NAME: Adanson's terrapin, Sahelian terrapin, Adanson's mud turtle.

Pelusios bechuanicus FitzSimons 1932, Ann. Transvaal Mus. 15:37.

TYPE: Holotype: TMP 14688.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Thamalakane River at Maun, Ngamiland," Botswana.
DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Angola and northeastern Namibia to Zambia, northern Botswana, and northwestern Zimbabwe.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Broadley 1981, Occ. Pap. Natl. Mus. Rhodesia, B. Nat. Sci. 6:633-686, and Bour 1983, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 4(5):343-382.
CONTRIBUTOR: D. Broadley.
REVIEWER: R. Laurent.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: AO, BW, NA, ZM, ZW.
COMMON NAME: FitzSimons' terrapin, Okavango terrapin, Okavango mud turtle.

Pelusios broadleyi Bour 1986, Stud. Geol. Salmant. Stud. Palaeochel. 2(2):31-34.

TYPE: Holotype: CAS 123062.
TYPE LOCALITY: "in small stream', Loiengalani [=Loyengalani] (2°43'N, 36°43' E), Marsabit district, Kenya."
DISTRIBUTION: Lake Turkana drainages, northern Kenya.
CONTRIBUTOR: P. Meylan.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: KE.
COMMON NAME: Broadley's mud terrapin, Kenya mud terrapin.

Pelusios carinatus Laurent 1956, Ann. Mus. Roy. Congo Belge, Sci. Zool., 48:39.

TYPE: Holotype: MRAC 2821.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Eala, Equateur" (=Eala, Equator Province), Zaire.
DISTRIBUTION: Gabon, Congo Republic, and Zaire.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Bour 1983, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 4(5):343-382.
CONTRIBUTOR: D. Broadley.
REVIEWER: R. Laurent.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: CG, GM, ZR.
COMMON NAME: Laurent's terrapin, Keel-backed terrapin, African keeled mud turtle.

Pelusios castaneus (Schweigger 1812). Illustration by Urs Woy. Copyright © 1989, 1997 Association of Systematics Collections.

Pelusios castaneus (Schweigger 1812), Königsberg. Arch. Naturwiss. Math. 1:314.

ORIGINAL NAME: Emys castanea.
TYPE: Not designated.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Patria ignota" (unknown).
DISTRIBUTION: Westcentral Africa, Senegal to extreme northwestern Angola, including Cape Verde Islands and Sao Tome Island. Introduced into Guadeloupe, West Indies.
COMMENT: Without comment, Wermuth and Mertens 1961, Schildkr. Krok. Brücken. :291, considered Pelusios castaneus a subspecies of Pelusios subniger. Includes Sternotherus derbianus Gray 1844 according to Laurent 1965, Ann. Mus. Roy. Afr. Centr., Sci. Zool. 135:1-33; and Bour 1978, Bull. Soc. Etud. Sci. Anjou. N.S. 10:148. Reviewed by Broadley 1981, Occ. Pap. Natl. Mus. Rhodesia, B, Nat. Sci. 6:633-686, and Bour 1983, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Paris 4(5):343-382.
CONTRIBUTOR: D. Broadley.
REVIEWER: R. Laurent.
STATUS: See Honegger 1985, In: Dollinger, CITES Ident. Manual 3: A-301.009.004.003:1-2.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: AO, BJ, CD, CG, CI, CM, CV, GA, GH, GM, GN, GQ, LR, NG, SN, SL, TG, ZR.
COMMON NAME: West African mud turtle, Schweigger's terrapin, Chestnut terrapin, Pelusios, Pélusse de Schweigger.

Pelusios castanoides Hewitt 1931, Ann. Natal Mus. 6:463.

ORIGINAL NAME: Pelusios nigricans castanoides.
TYPE: Holotype: TMP 13433.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Richards Bay, Zululand," restricted by Broadley 1981, Occ. Pap. Natl. Mus. Rhodesia, B. Nat. Sci. 6:633-686, to "Lake St. Lucia estuary, KwaZulu," Republic of South Africa.
DISTRIBUTION: East Africa, southern Kenya to northern Natal Province, Republic of South Africa, and Madagascar and Seychelles Islands.
COMMENT: Broadley 1981, Occ. Pap. Natl. Mus. Rhodesia, B, Nat. Sci. 6:633-686, considered Pelusios castanoides a subspecies of Pelusios castaneus. Bour 1983, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 4(5):343-382, recognized Pelusios castanoides as distinct.
CONTRIBUTOR: D. Broadley.
REVIEWER: R. Laurent.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: KE, MG, MW, MZ, SN, TZ, ZA, SZ.
COMMON NAME: Bianconi's terrapin, African yellow-bellied terrapin, East African yellow-bellied mud turtle.

Pelusios chapini Laurent 1965, Ann. Mus. Roy. Afr. Centr., Sci. Zool. 135:21.

ORIGINAL NAME: Pelusios castaneus chapini.
TYPE: Holotype: MRAC 20937.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Kasenyi, Lake Albert, Bunia Terr., Ituri, Congo" (=Zaire).
DISTRIBUTION: Congo River drainage of Zaire, Congo Republic, and Central African Republic, and Uganda lakes.
COMMENT: Treated as a synonym of Pelusios castaneus by Wermuth and Mertens 1977, Das Tierreich 100:117, and a subspecies by Obst 1986, Turt., tort. terrapins :215. Recognized as distinct by Bour 1983, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 4(5):343-382.
CONTRIBUTOR: D. Broadley.
REVIEWER: R. Laurent.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: CF, CG, UG, ZR.
COMMON NAME: Chapin's terrapin, Central African giant terrapin, Central African giant mud turtle.

Pelusios gabonensis (Duméril 1856), Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris (2)8:373.

ORIGINAL NAME: Pentonyx gabonensis.
TYPE: Holotype: MNHN 4137.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Gabon."
DISTRIBUTION: Western and central Africa, from Liberia to western Uganda and Tanzania, and south to Zaire and northern Angola.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Bour 1983, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 4(5):343-382.
CONTRIBUTOR: D. Broadley.
REVIEWER: R. Laurent.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: AO, BI, BJ, CG, CI, CM, GA, GH, GQ, LR, TG, TZ, ZR.
COMMON NAME: African forest terrapin, Gabon terrapin.

Pelusios nanus Laurent 1956, Ann. Mus. Roy. Congo Belge, Sci. Zool. 48:31.

TYPE: Holotype: MRAC 7833.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Dilolo, Haut Lualaba," Shaba Prov., Zaire.
DISTRIBUTION: Angola to southern Zaire and northern Zambia.
COMMENT: Without comment, Wermuth and Mertens 1961, Schildkr. Krok. Brücken. :286-287, provisionally treated Pelusios nanus as a synonym of Pelusios adansoni. Reviewed by Bour 1983, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 4(5):343-382.
CONTRIBUTOR: D. Broadley.
REVIEWER: R. Laurent.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: AO, ZR, ZM.
COMMON NAME: Dwarf terrapin, African dwarf mud turtle.

Pelusios niger (Duméril and Bibron 1835), Erpét. Gén. Hist. Nat. Rept. 2:397.

ORIGINAL NAME: Sternotherus niger.
TYPE: Holotype: MNHN 8954.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Madagascar" (in error).
DISTRIBUTION: Atlantic drainages of Africa from Sierra Leone to Gabon.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Bour 1983, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 4(5):343-382.
CONTRIBUTOR: D. Broadley.
REVIEWER: R. Laurent.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BJ, CI, GH, GM, GQ, LR, NG, SL, TG.
COMMON NAME: West African black forest terrapin, Black terrapin, Hooked beak terrapin.

Pelusios rhodesianus Hewitt 1927, Rec. Albany Mus. Grahamstown3:375.

ORIGINAL NAME: Pelusios nigricans rhodesianus.
TYPE: Holotype: AMG 5432.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Mpika District, northeastern Rhodesia" (=Zambia).
DISTRIBUTION: Angola and Congo Republic to Uganda and Natal Prov., Republic of South Africa.
COMMENT: Treated as a subspecies of Pelusios castaneus by Wermuth and Mertens 1977, Das Tierreich 100:116-117, and Obst 1986, Turt., tort. terrapins :215. Elevated to full species by Raw 1978, Durban Mus. Novit. 11(17):287-294. Reviewed by Broadley 1981, Occ. Pap. Natl. Mus. Rhodesia, B. Nat. Sci. 6:633-686, and Bour 1983, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 4(5):343-382.
CONTRIBUTOR: D. Broadley.
REVIEWER: R. Laurent.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: AO, BI, BW, CF, ET, MW, MZ, RW, TZ, UG, ZA, ZM, ZW.
COMMON NAME: Hewitt's terrapin, Variable mud turtle.

Pelusios seychellensis (Siebenrock 1906), In: Voeltzkow, Reise Ost. Afr. 1903-1905, 2:38.

ORIGINAL NAME: Sternotherus nigricans seychellensis.
TYPE: NMW 13247, ZMH R 00982, ZMH R 00983; Broadley 1981, Occ. Pap. Natl. Mus. Rhodesia, B. Nat. Sci. 6(9):655 listed NMW 13247 as the type, and Bour 1983, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 4(5):353, designated NMW 13247 lectotype.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Seychelles"; restricted to "Seychelles; Mahe" by Siebenrock 1909, Zool. Anz. Leipzig 34(11, 12):362.
DISTRIBUTION: Seychelles Islands.
COMMENT: The type locality was incorrectly reported as the Iles Glorieuse (=Gloriosa Isles), north of Madagascar, by Loveridge 1941, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 88:456-524; Wermuth and Mertens 1961, Schildkr. Krok. Brücken. :291; Wermuth and Mertens 1977, Das Tierreich 100:117 (as Sternothaerus nigricans seychellensis under Pelusios castaneus), Laurent 1965, Ann. Mus. Roy. Afr. Centr., Sci. Zool. 135:1-33; and Iverson 1986, Checklist Turt. World :248. Reviewed by Broadley 1981, Occ. Pap. Natl. Mus. Rhodesia, B. Nat. Sci. 6(9):633-686, and Bour 1983, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 4(5):343-382.
CONTRIBUTOR: D. Broadley.
REVIEWER: R. Laurent.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: SN.
COMMON NAME: Siebenrock's Terrapin, Seychelles black terrapin, Seychelles mud turtle.

Pelusios sinuatus (Smith 1838), Illus. Zool. South Africa, Rept. 3: Pl. 1.

ORIGINAL NAME: Sternotherus sinuatus.
TYPE: Holotype: RSM 1859.13.1684.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Rivers to the north of 25° south latitude," South Africa; restricted to "the Crocodile, Marico confluence, N. Transvaal," Republic of South Africa, by Broadley 1981, Occ. Pap. Nat. Mus. Monuments, B 6(9):675.
DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Africa, from extreme southern Ethiopia and Somalia to Botswana and Natal Province, Republic of South Africa.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Broadley 1981, Occ. Pap. Natl. Mus. Rhodesia, B. Nat. Sci. 6(9):633-686, and Bour 1983, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 4(5):343-382.
CONTRIBUTOR: D. Broadley.
REVIEWER: R. Laurent.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BI, BW, ET, KE, MW, MZ, RW, TZ, ZA, ZM, ZR, ZW.
COMMON NAME: Smith's terrapin, East African serrated mud turtle.

Pelusios subniger (Lacépčde 1788), Hist. Nat. Quadrup. Ovip. Serp. 1: 175.

ORIGINAL NAME: Testudo subniger.
TYPE: Holotype: MNHN 8366.
TYPE LOCALITY: Unknown; later designated as "Tamatave," on the east coast of Madagascar, by Bour 1978, Bull. Soc. Etud. Sci. Anjou, N.S. 10:141-154, and confirmed by Bour 1982, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris 4A:531-539.
DISTRIBUTION: Eastern and southeastern Africa; Madagascar; introduced to Mauritius Island, Gloriosa Isles, Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago, and Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Broadley 1981, Occ. Pap. Natl. Mus. Rhodesia, B. Nat. Sci. 6(9):633-686, and Bour 1983, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 4(5):343-382.
CONTRIBUTOR: D. Broadley.
REVIEWER: R. Laurent.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BI, BW, KM, MG, MU, MW, MZ, SN, TZ, ZA, ZM, ZR, ZW.
COMMON NAME: Lacépčde's terrapin, East African mud turtle.

Pelusios upembae Broadley 1981, Occ. Pap. Natl. Mus. Rhodesia, B Nat. Sci. 6(9):667.

ORIGINAL NAME: Pelusios bechuanicus upembae.
TYPE: Holotype: TMP 38178.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Kanonga River, tributary of the right bank of the Fungwe River (695 m), Upemba National Park, Shaba Province, Zaire".
DISTRIBUTION: Upemba Basin, Shaba Prov., Zaire.
COMMENT: Considered a full species by Bour 1983, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)5:343-382; but considered a subspecies of P. bechuanicus by Obst 1986, Turt., tort. terrapins :215.
CONTRIBUTOR: D. Broadley.
REVIEWER: R. Laurent.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: ZR.
COMMON NAME: Broadley's terrapin, Upemba Basin terrapin.

Pelusios williamsi Laurent 1965, Ann. Mus. Roy. Afr. Centr., Sci. Zool. 135:12.

ORIGINAL NAME: Pelusios williamsi williamsi.
TYPE: Holotype: MCZ 40021.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Kakamega, Kaimosi, Kenya".
DISTRIBUTION: Vicinity of Lakes Victoria, Edward, and Albert in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zaire.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Bour 1983, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)5:343-382, and Bour 1984, Rev. Française Aquariol. 11(1):27-32.
CONTRIBUTOR: D. Broadley.
REVIEWER: R. Laurent.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: KE, TZ, UG, ZR.
COMMON NAME: Williams's terrapin, William's mud turtle.

Podocnemis Wagler 1830, Nat. Syst. Amph. :135.

TYPE SPECIES: Emys expansa Schweigger 1812, by subsequent designation of Fitzinger 1843, Syst. Rept. 1:29.
DISTRIBUTION: Northern South America.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Williams 1954, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 111(8):279-295.
REVIEWER: M. Hoogmoed.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BO, BR, CO, EC, GF, GY, PE, SR, TT, VE.
COMMON NAME: South American river turtles.

Podocnemis erythrocephala (Spix 1824). Illustration by Urs Woy. Copyright © 1989, 1997 Association of Systematics Collections.

Podocnemis erythrocephala (Spix 1824), Anim. Spec. Nov. Testud. Brasil.:9.

ORIGINAL NAME: Emys erythrocephala.
TYPE: Holotype: ZSM 2517, 0.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Rio Solimoens" (=Rio Solimoes), South America, most probably Brazil; but Vanzolini 1981 :xxvi, In: Spix and Wagler 1824-1825, Herpet. Brazil, believes the Rio Solimoes is outside the species range.
DISTRIBUTION: Amazon and upper Orinoco drainages of eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela, and northern Brazil.
COMMENT: Called Podocnemis cayennensis by most authors until nomenclature was clarified by Mittermeier and Wilson 1974, Pap. Avul. Depart. Zool. 28:147-162. Reviewed by Pritchard and Trebbau 1984, Turt. Venezuela 2:59-63.
REVIEWER: M. Hoogmoed.
STATUS: CITES: Appendix II. Evaluated by Groombridge 1982, IUCN Amph. Rept. Red Data Book, Pt. 1:251-252, and listed as Insufficiently Known. See Honegger, R.E., R.A. Mittermeier, A.G.J. Rhodin 1985, In: Dollinger, CITES Ident. Manual 3: A-301.009.005.001:1-2.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BR, CO, VE.
COMMON NAME: Red-headed sideneck turtle, Red-headed Amazon river turtle, Chimpire, Irapuca, Irapoca.

Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger 1812). Illustration by Urs Woy. Copyright © 1989, 1997 Association of Systematics Collections.

Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger 1812), Königsberg. Arch. Naturwiss. Math. 1:299.

ORIGINAL NAME: Emys expansa.
TYPE: Holotype: MNHN; lost.
TYPE LOCALITY: South America.
DISTRIBUTION: Orinoco, Essequibo, and Amazon River drainages, from Colombia to Brazil and Bolivia, including Trinidad.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Pritchard and Trebbau 1984, Turt. Venezuela 2:43-57.
REVIEWER: M. Hoogmoed.
STATUS: CITES: Appendix II. U.S.A Endangered Species Act: Endangered. Evaluated by Groombridge 1982, IUCN Amph. Rept. Red Data Book, Pt. 1:253-258, and listed as Endangered. See Honegger, R.E., R.A. Mittermeier, A.G.J. Rhodin 1985, In: Dollinger, CITES Ident. Manual 3: A-301.009.005.002:1-2.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BO, BR, EC, GY, PE, SR, TR, VE.
COMMON NAME: Arrau sideneck turtle, Arrau river turtle, Giant South American river turtle, South American river turtle, Tartaruga.

Podocnemis lewyana Duméril 1852. Illustration by Urs Woy. Copyright © 1989, 1997 Association of Systematics Collections.

Podocnemis lewyana Duméril 1852, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris. 6:242.

TYPE: MNHN 8985, apparently designated lectotype on MNHN list of specimens (see Iverson 1986, Checklist Turt. World :255).
TYPE LOCALITY: "Santa Fé de Bogotá, Colombia."
DISTRIBUTION: Río Magdalena and Río Sinú drainages of Colombia.
STATUS: CITES: Appendix II. Evaluated by Groombridge 1982, IUCN Amph. Rept. Red Data Book, Pt. 1:259-260, and listed as Indeterminate. See Honegger, R.E., R.A. Mittermeier, A.G.J. Rhodin 1985, In: Dollinger, CITES Ident. Manual 3: A-301.009.005.003:1-2.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: CO.
COMMON NAME: Río Magdalena river turtle, Tortuga de agua.

Podocnemis sextuberculata Cornalia 1849. Illustration by Urs Woy. Copyright © 1989, 1997 Association of Systematics Collections.

Podocnemis sextuberculata Cornalia 1849, Vertebr. Synops. Mus. Mediol. :13.

ORIGINAL NAME: Podocnemis expansa sextuberculata.
TYPE: Not found.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Fl. Amazonas" (=Amazon River), South America.
DISTRIBUTION: Amazon drainage of northern Brazil, Colombia, and Peru.
REVIEWER: M. Hoogmoed.
STATUS: CITES: Appendix II. Evaluated by Groombridge 1982, IUCN Amph. Rept. Red Data Book, Pt. 1:261-262, and listed as Insufficiently Known. See Honegger, R.E., R.A. Mittermeier, A.G.J. Rhodin 1985, In: Dollinger, CITES Ident. Manual 3: A-301.009.005.004:1-2.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BR, CO, PE.
COMMON NAME: Six-tubercled Amazon river turtle, Cupiso, Aiaca, Iaca, Pitiu.

Podocnemis unifilis Troschel 1848. Illustration by Urs Woy. Copyright © 1989, 1997 Association of Systematics Collections.

Podocnemis unifilis Troschel 1848, In: Schomburgk, Reis. British Guiana 3:647.

TYPE: Holotype: ZMB 142, now lost.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Rupununi und Takutu" rivers, Guyana.
DISTRIBUTION: From Orinoco to Amazon River drainages of northern South America, and the coastal rivers between them, Colombia to Brazil and Bolivia.
COMMENT: Mittermeier and Wilson 1974, Pap. Avul. Depart. Zool. 28:147-162, and Wermuth and Mertens 1977, Das Tierreich 100:121, believe Emys cayennensis Schweigger 1812, Königsberg. Arch. Naturwiss. Math. 1:298, may be an older name applicable to this species. Acting on Fretey's 1977, Chel. Guyana Française 1:111, information about the type specimens of Emys dumeriliana and E. cayennensis, Hoogmoed and Gruber 1983, Spixiana Suppl. 9:346, concluded that dumeriliana was an older available name for unifilis, and that cayennensis was a junior synonym of P. expansa. Pritchard and Trebbau's 1984, Turt. Venezuela 2:65-73, review showed the holotype of E. cayennensis, MHNH 8359, is a P. unifilis and that action by the Intl. Comm. Zool. Nomencl. may be necessary to suppress the variously applied cayennensis in favor of the more stable unifilis. They also noted that Emys Terekay Schinz 1833, is a senior synonym of P. unifilis.
REVIEWER: M. Hoogmoed.
STATUS: CITES: Appendix II. U.S.A. Endangered Species Act: Endangered. Evaluated by Groombridge 1982, IUCN Amph. Rept. Red Data Book, Pt. 1:263-267, and listed as Vulnerable. See Honegger, R.E., R.A. Mittermeier, A.G.J. Rhodin 1985, In: Dollinger, CITES Ident. Manual 3: A-301.009.005.005:1-2.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BO, BR, CO, EC, GF, GY, SR, PE, SR, VE.
COMMON NAME: Yellow-spotted Amazon river turtle, Yellow-headed sideneck turtle, Terecay, Tracaja.

Podocnemis vogli Müller 1935. Illustration by Urs Woy. Copyright © 1989, 1997 Association of Systematics Collections.

Podocnemis vogli Müller 1935, Zool. Anz. Leipzig 110:104.

TYPE: Holotype: ZSM 128, 28.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Barinas (Staat Zamora), Venezuela".
DISTRIBUTION: The llanos of Colombia and Venezuela.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Alarcon Pardo 1969, Rev. Acad. Colombiana Cienc. Exact. Fis. Nat. 13(51):303-326; Pritchard and Trebbau 1984, Turt. Venezuela 2:75-81; and Ramo 1982, Dońana Acta Vertebr. 9-3:1-161.
STATUS: CITES: Appendix II. See Honegger, R.E., R.A. Mittermeier, A.G.J. Rhodin 1985, In: Dollinger, CITES Ident. Manual 3: A-301.009.005.006:1-2.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: CO, VE.
COMMON NAME: Llanos sideneck turtle, Savannah sideneck turtle, Galápago guruno llanero, Sabanera.

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