FAMILY: Emydidae Lydekker 1889, In: Nicholson and Lydekker, Manual Palaeont. 2:1117.

DISTRIBUTION: Eurasia, North Africa, Americas.
COMMENT: Nomenclatural history and content discussed by Smith and Smith 1979, Synops. Herpetofauna Mexico Turt. 6:363-366, and Pritchard and Trebbau 1984, Turt. Venezuela 2:151-168. Also see comment under Batagurinae. McDowell 1964, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 143(2):239-279, analyzed possible relationships to other families. Bickham and Baker 1976, Chromosoma (Berl.) 54:201-219, discussed karyotype evolution in the family. See comment under Testudines.
COMMON NAME: Pond turtles.

SUBFAMILY: Batagurinae McDowell 1964, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 143(2):239.

DISTRIBUTION: Northwestern Africa, and southern Europe through the Middle East and southern China to Korea, Japan, Taiwan, south to Sulawesi and Java; Americas from northern Mexico to Brazil and Ecuador.
COMMENT: McDowell 1964, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 143(2):239, considered this the possible stem-group from which the Testudinidae and Emydinae were derived. Whetstone 1978, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 51:543, hypothesized that the Batagurinae was the stem-group of the Emydinae plus Platysternidae (here considered the Platysternidae; see comment under Platysternidae). Hirayama 1984, Stud. Geol. Salmant., Vol. Esp. 1, Stud. Paleochel. 1:141-157, considered the Batagurinae a paraphyletic group, having given rise to the Testudinidae. Smith and Smith 1979. Synops. Herpetofauna Mexico Turt. 6:367-368, discussed nomenclatural history. Gaffney 1984, Syst. Zool. 33(3):283-301, presented a scheme in which the Batagurinae are elevated to familial status. Tribe membership noted in generic accounts follows Mlynarski 1976, Handbuch Paläoherpetol. Testudines 7:1-130. The taxonomic status of the members of the Geoemydini is controversial and unstable; Mlynarski regarded them as subgenera of Geoemyda. See also Bramble 1974, Copeia (3):707-727; Bour 1980, Amph.-Rept., 1:149-159; Pritchard and Trebbau 1984, Turt. Venezuela 2:151-168; and Hirayama 1984, Stud. Geol. Salmant., Vol. Esp. 1, Stud. Palaeochel. 1:141-157, for discussions of relationships.

Annamemys Bourret 1939, Bull. Gén. Instr. Publ. Hanoi 4:15.

TYPE SPECIES: Annamemys merkleni Bourret 1939 (=Cyclemys annamensis Siebenrock 1903), by monotypy.
DISTRIBUTION: As for the single species.
COMMENT: Tribe Batagurini. See comment under Annamemys annamensis.
REVIEWER: E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: VN.
COMMON NAME: Leaf turtles.

Annamemys annamensis (Siebenrock 1903), Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Naturwiss. Kl. 112:341.

ORIGINAL NAME: Cyclemys annamensis.
TYPE: NMW
TYPE LOCALITY: Phuc-Son (southwest of Tourane, central Annam), Vietnam.
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Phuc-Son and Fai-Fo, Vietnam.
COMMENT: Relegation of this taxon to the synonymy of Mauremys nigricans by McDowell 1964, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 143(2):239-279, was incorrect according to Pritchard 1979, Encycl. Turt. :191-192. McDowell considered only the juveniles, and the adults of Mauremys nigricans and Annamemys annamensis are very different. Although the specific distinctness of this form has been discussed, the generic status has not. See Bourret 1941, Tort. Indochine :145-146, 175-176, and Savage 1953, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12)6:468-472.
REVIEWER: E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: VN.
COMMON NAME: Vietnam leaf turtle.

Batagur Gray 1855, Cat. Shield Rept. British Mus. 1:35.

TYPE SPECIES: Emys batagur Gray 1831 (=Emys baska Gray 1831), by tautonomy.
DISTRIBUTION: As for the single species.
COMMENT: Tribe Batagurini.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BD, BU, ID, IN, KH, MY, SG, TH, VN.
COMMON NAME: Batagur.

Batagur baska (Gray 1831). Illustration by Urs Woy. Copyright © 1989, 1997 Association of Systematics Collections.

Batagur baska (Gray 1831), Illustr. Indian Zool. 1:Fig. 75.

ORIGINAL NAME: Emys baska.
TYPE: Not traced.
TYPE LOCALITY: India; see also Gray 1831, Synops. Rept. Cataphracta 1:23.
DISTRIBUTION: Eastern India and Bangladesh east to Vietnam and Sumatra, Indonesia.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:134-135; Bourret 1941, Tort. Indochine :179-181; and Taylor 1970, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 49:125-128. See also Moll 1980, Malaysian J. Sci. 6A:23-62.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
STATUS: CITES: Appendix I; U.S.A. Endangered Species Act: Endangered. Evaluated by Groombridge 1982, IUCN Amph. Rept. Red Data Book, Pt. 1:21-25, and listed as Endangered. See Honegger 1985, In: Dollinger, CITES Ident. Manual 3: A-301.077.002.001:1-2.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BD, BU, ID, IN, KH, MY, SG, TH, VN.
COMMON NAME: Common batagur, Tuntong, River terrapin, Four-toed terrapin.

Callagur Gray 1870, Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. British Mus. 1:53.

TYPE SPECIES: Batagur picta Gray 1862 (=Emys borneoensis Schlegel and Müller 1844), by monotypy.
DISTRIBUTION: As for the single species.
COMMENT: Tribe Batagurini. Very closely related to Kachuga according to McDowell 1964, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 143(2):259.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BN, ID, MY, TH.
COMMON NAME: Painted batagur, Saw-jawed turtle.

Callagur borneoensis (Schlegel and Müller 1844), In: Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. Bezitt., Schildp. 3:30.

ORIGINAL NAME: Emys borneoensis.
TYPE: Holotype: RMNH 6210.
TYPE LOCALITY: Borneo.
DISTRIBUTION: Peninsular Malaya, Sumatra, and Borneo.
COMMENT: See Moll, Matson, and Krehbiel 1981, Herpetologica 37(4):181-194, and Dunson and Moll 1980, J.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
STATUS: Evaluated by Groombridge 1982, IUCN Amph. Rept. Red Data Book, Pt. 1:27-29, and listed as Vulnerable.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BN, ID, MY, TH.
COMMON NAME: Painted batagur, Saw-jawed turtle, Painted terrapin, Tuntong laut.

Chinemys Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:116.

TYPE SPECIES: Emys reevesii Gray 1831, by monotypy.
DISTRIBUTION: Southeastern and eastern Asia.
COMMENT: Tribe Batagurini.
REVIEWER: E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: CN, JP, KP, KR, TW.

Chinemys kwangtungensis (Pope 1934), Am. Mus. Novit. 691:1.

ORIGINAL NAME: Geoclemys kwangtungensis.
TYPE: Holotype: ZMB 34955.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Lofaoshan, Kwangtung, 300-400 m. altitude," China.
DISTRIBUTION: Southeastern China, recorded only from rivers in the vicinity of Canton (=Guangzhou).
COMMENT: Reviewed by Pope 1935, Nat. Hist. Cent. Asia, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 10:43-44, under Geoclemys kwangtungensis.
REVIEWER: E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: CN.
COMMON NAME: Chinese red-necked pond turtle

Chinemys megalocephala Fang 1934, Sinensia, Nanking 4:158.

TYPE: MASN, according to Fang 1934, Sinensia 4:158.
TYPE LOCALITY: "hillsides of the vicinity of Nanking City," Jiangsu Province, China.
DISTRIBUTION: Vicinity of Nanking, People's Republic of China
REVIEWER: E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: CN.
COMMON NAME: Chinese broad-headed pond turtle

Chinemys reevesii (Gray 1831), Synops. Rept. Cataphracta 1:73.

ORIGINAL NAME: Emys reevesii.
TYPE: Not traced.
TYPE LOCALITY: "China".
DISTRIBUTION: China from Sichuan to Kiangsu; Korea, Taiwan, and Japan.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:117-118; Stejneger 1907, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 58:446-500, under Geoclemys reevesii; and Pope 1935, Nat. Hist. Cent. Asia, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 10:45-48. Lovich, Ernst, and Gotte 1985, J. Herpet. 19:238-245, reviewed intraspecific variation.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: CN, JP, KP, KR, TW.
COMMON NAME: Chinese pond turtle, Japanese coin turtle, Golden turtle, Chinese three-keeled pond turtle.

Cistoclemmys Gray 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London :175.

TYPE SPECIES: Cistoclemmys flavomarginata Gray 1863, by monotypy.
DISTRIBUTION: Ryukyu Isands and southern China to Vietnam; Taiwan.
COMMENT: Tribe Batagurini. Cistoclemmys was removed from the synonymy of Cuora by Bour 1980, Amph.-Rept. 1:158.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: CN, TW, VN.

Cistoclemmys flavomarginata Gray 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London :175.

TYPES: 2 Syntypes: BMNH 1947.3.5.50 and 1947.3.5.68.
TYPE LOCALITY: "China. . .Formosa"; restricted to Tamsuy, northwest Formosa [=Taiwan] by Mertens and Wermuth 1955, Zool. Jahrb. 83(5):345.
DISTRIBUTION: Southern China, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:86-87 (as Cuora flavomarginata); Stejneger 1907, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 58:503-505; and Pope 1935, Nat. Hist. Cent. Asia, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 10:29-31 (as Cyclemys flavomarginata).
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: CN, TW.
COMMON NAME: Yellow-margined box turtle, Chinese box turtle.

Cistoclemmys galbinifrons (Bourret 1939), Bull. Gén. Instr. Publ. 4:11.

ORIGINAL NAME: Cuora galbinifrons.
TYPES: 4 Syntypes: NUH T54, T55, T59, T60; T54 is now MNHN 1948-36, T60 is MNHN 1948-37, and T59 apparently is in MHNT.
TYPE LOCALITY: Tam-Dao (Tonkin), Bach-Na (Annam, and Linh-Can (Ha-Tinh, Annam), Vietnam.
DISTRIBUTION: Vietnam, from Annam to Tonkin, and Hainan Island, People's Republic of China.
COMMENT: Reviewed (as Cuora galbinifrons) by Bourret 1941, Tort. Indochine 38:149-151.
REVIEWER: E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: VN.
COMMON NAME: Indochinese box turtle

Cistoclemmys hainanensis (Li 1958), Chinese J. Zool. 2:234.

ORIGINAL NAME: Cyclemys flavomarginata hainanensis.
TYPE: Holotype: FU 200.
TYPE LOCALITY: Dali of Diaulo Shan, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
DISTRIBUTION: Hainan Island, People's Republic of China.
COMMENT: Hu, Djao, and Huang 1975, Acta Zool. Sinica 24:379- 384 raised Cistoclemmys hainanensis to species status from a subspecies of Cistoclemmys flavomarginata. See also Koshikawa 1982, Smithson. Herpet. Inform. Serv. 53:1-8.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: CN.
COMMON NAME: Hainan box turtle.

Cuora Gray 1855, Cat. Shield Rept. British Mus. 1:41.

TYPE SPECIES: Testudo amboinensis Daudin 1801 [1802], by subsequent designation of Stejneger 1907, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 58:503.
DISTRIBUTION: Southeastern Asia to Sulawesi and Philippines.
COMMENT: Tribe Batagurini. See comment under Cistoclemmys.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BD, BN, BU, CN, ID, IN, MY, PH, VN.
COMMON NAME: Asian box turtles.

Cuora amboinensis (Daudin 1801 [1802]), Hist. Nat. Gén. Part. Rept. 2:309.

ORIGINAL NAME: Testudo amboinensis.
TYPE: MNHN, according to Bourret 1941, Tort. Indochine 38:149.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Amboine" Island, Indonesia.
DISTRIBUTION: Extreme eastern India and Bangladesh, east to Vietnam, the Nicobar Islands, the southern Philippines, and Indonesia as far east as Sulawesi and Amboina.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:84-86; Bourret 1941, Tort. Indochine 38:148-149; and Taylor 1970, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 49:108-110.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BD, BN, BU, ID, IN, MY, PH, VN.
COMMON NAME: Siamese box turtle, Malayan box turtle.

Cuora chriskarannarum Ernst and McCord 1987, Proc. Biol. Soc Washington 100(3):624.

TYPE: USNM 266162, an adult male.
TYPE LOCALITY: Ta Lau Shan, Yunnan Province, China (23°30'N, 102°25'E).
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality and from Chinsha (=Chin'Ping), Yunnan Province, China.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: CN.
COMMON NAME: Green box turtle.

Cuora pani Song 1984, Acta Zootaxon. Sinica 9(3):330-332.

TYPE: SIZ 80170.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Xujiaba (alt. 420 m) of Pingli county in Shanxi Province" People's Republic of China.
DISTRIBUTION: Known from the type locality and several other localities in Shanxi Province.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Ernst 1988, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 101(1):151-166; see Iverson 1986, Checklist Turt. World, Addendum :1.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: CN.
COMMON NAME: Shanxi box turtle.

Cuora trifasciata (Bell 1825), Zool. J. London 2:305.

ORIGINAL NAME: Sternothaerus trifasciatus.
TYPE: Not traced.
TYPE LOCALITY: Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION: Northern Vietnam to Kwangtung Prov. and Hainan island, People's Republic of China.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:87-88, and Pope 1935, Nat. Hist. Cent. Asia, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 10:32-34 (as Cyclemys trifasciata). Reviewed by Bourret 1941, Tort. Indochine 38:151-152.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: CN, VN.
COMMON NAME: Chinese three-banded box turtle, Chinese wood turtle, Chinese box turtle, Chinese three-striped box turtle.

Cuora yunnanensis (Boulenger 1906), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)17:567.

ORIGINAL NAME: Cyclemmys yunnanensis.
TYPES: 6 Syntypes: BMNH 1946.1.22.97, 1946.1.22.98, 1946.1.22.99, 1946.1.23.1, 1946.1.23.2 and 1946.1.23.3.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Yunnan fu" and "Tongchuan fu," Yunnan, China.
DISTRIBUTION: Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China, at high elevations.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Ernst 1988, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 101(1):151-166; see also Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:88, and Pope 1935, Nat. Hist. Cent. Asia, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 10:34 (as Cyclemys yunnanensis).
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: CN.
COMMON NAME: Yunnan box turtle.

Cyclemys Bell 1834, Proc. Zool. Soc. London :17.

TYPE SPECIES: Cyclemys orbiculata Bell 1834 (=Emys dentata Gray 1831), by monotypy.
DISTRIBUTION: Northeastern India to Vietnam and the Philippines and the western Indo-Australian Archipelago.
COMMENT: Tribe Batagurini.
REVIEWER: E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BD, ID, IN, KH, LA, MY, VN.
COMMON NAME: Leaf turtles.

Cyclemys dentata (Gray 1831), Synops. Rept. Cataphracta 1: Errata: 20.

ORIGINAL NAME: Emys dentata.
TYPES: 2 Syntypes: BMNH 1946.1.22.62 and 1946.1.22.63.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Bengal. . .Java".
DISTRIBUTION: Extreme eastern India to Vietnam and the Philippines and the Greater Sunda Islands of Malaysia and Indonesia.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:80-83; Bourret 1941, Tort. Indochine 38:143-145; and Taylor 1970, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 49:103-107.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BD, ID, IN, KH, LA, MY, VN.
COMMON NAME: Asian leaf turtle, Brown stream terrapin.

Cyclemys tcheponensis (Bourret 1939), Bull. Gén. Instr. Publ. 4:7.

ORIGINAL NAME: Geoemyda tcheponensis.
TYPE: Holotype: NUH T43.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Haute Se-Bang-Hien, (centre de la Chaine annamitique)," Vietnam.
DISTRIBUTION: Vietnam to Thailand.
COMMENT: Removed from the synonymy of Cyclemys dentata by McMorris 1976, Chelonia 3(2):10-11. See also Bourret 1941, Tort. Indochine 38:157-158.
REVIEWER: E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: LA, TH, VN.
COMMON NAME: Striped-necked terrapin, Striped-necked leaf turtle.

Geoclemys Gray 1855, Cat. Shield Rept. British Mus. 1:17.

TYPE SPECIES: Emys hamiltonii Gray 1831, by subsequent. designation of Stejneger 1907, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 58:496.
DISTRIBUTION: As for the only species.
COMMENT: Tribe Batagurini.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BD, IN, NP, PK.

Geoclemys hamiltonii (Gray 1831). Illustration by Urs Woy. Copyright © 1989, 1997 Association of Systematics Collections.

Geoclemys hamiltonii (Gray 1831), Synops. Rept. Cataphracta 1:21.

ORIGINAL NAME: Emys Hamiltonii.
TYPE: Holotye: BMNH 1947.3.4.41.
TYPE LOCALITY: "India".
DISTRIBUTION: Indus River drainage of Pakistan and northern India, and the Ganges River drainage of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.
COMMENT: See Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:111-112, and Khan 1982, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 79(1):113.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
STATUS: CITES: Appendix I; U.S.A. Endangered Species Act: Endangered. See Honegger 1985, In: Dollinger, CITES Ident. Manual 3: A-301.007.013.001:1-2.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BD, IN, NP, PK.
COMMON NAME: Spotted pond turtle, Black pond turtle, Black spotted turtle.

Geoemyda Gray 1834, Proc. Zool. Soc. London :100.

TYPE SPECIES: Testudo spengleri Gmelin 1789, by original designation.
DISTRIBUTION: As for the single species.
COMMENT: Tribe Geoemydini. See comment under Batagurinae.
REVIEWER: E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: CN, JP, VN.

Geoemyda spengleri (Gmelin 1789), In: Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 13, 1(3):1043.

ORIGINAL NAME: Testudo spengleri.
TYPE: Not traced.
TYPE LOCALITY: Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION: Okinawa, and southern coastal drainages of the People's Republic of China to Vietnam, and possibly Sumatra and Borneo.
COMMENT: The species has been reported from Sumatra and Borneo but its presence there is uncertain, see de Rooij 1915, Rept. Indo-Austr. Arch. 1: 298-300; Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:90-91; Stejneger 1907, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 58:501-503; Bourret 1941, Tort. Indochine 38:153-155; and Pope 1935, Nat. Hist. Cent. Asia, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 10:35-37 (who noted that the Okinawa population might be a distinct species from the Sino-Malayan population).
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: CN, JP, VN.
COMMON NAME: Black-breasted hill turtle, Black-breasted leaf turtle.

Hardella Gray 1870, Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. British Mus. 1:58.

TYPE SPECIES: Emys thurjii Gray 1831, by subsequent designation of Gray 1870, Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. British Mus. 1:58.
DISTRIBUTION: As for the single species.
COMMENT: Tribe Batagurini.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BD, IN, NP, PK.

Hardella thurjii (Gray 1831), Synops. Rept. Cataphracta 1:22.

ORIGINAL NAME: Emys thurjii.
TYPE: Presumed BMNH, but the type is not listed by Boulenger 1889, Cat. Chel. Rhynch. Croc. British Mus. :63-66.
TYPE LOCALITY: "India".
DISTRIBUTION: Pakistan to Bangladesh in the Indus, Brahmaputra, and Ganges river systems.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:122-124. Includes Hardella indi Gray 1870, Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. British Mus. 1:58, according to Wermuth and Mertens 1977, Das Tierreich 100:40.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BD, IN, NP, PK.
COMMON NAME: Brahminy river turtle, Crowned river turtle.

Heosemys Stejneger 1902, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 15:238.

TYPE SPECIES: Emys spinosa Gray 1831.
DISTRIBUTION: India to Vietnam and Malaya; Sumatra; Borneo; Java; Philippines.
COMMENT: Tribe Geoemydini. See comment under Batagurinae.
REVIEWER: E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BD, BU, ID, IN, KH, PH, VN.

Heosemys depressa (Anderson 1875), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)16:284.

ORIGINAL NAME: Geoemyda depressa.
TYPE: Holotype: possibly BMNH 87.3.30.1, according to Iverson 1986, Checklist Turt. World :37.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Arakan," Burma; restricted to "Akyab, near Arakan," Burma, by Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:95.
DISTRIBUTION: Arakan Hills, Burma.
COMMENT: See Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:95, and Bourret 1941, Tort. Indochine 38:159-160.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BU.
COMMON NAME: Arakan forest turtle.

Heosemys grandis (Gray 1860), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)6:218.

ORIGINAL NAME: Geoemyda grandis.
TYPES: 2 Syntypes: BMNH 1947.3.4.7 (Camboja) and 1947.3.4.55 (Pachebone).
TYPE LOCALITY: "Camboja" (=Kampuchea) and "Pachebone" (? in Burma).
DISTRIBUTION: Vietnam to Burma and west Malaysia (=Malay peninsula).
COMMENT: See Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:101-103; Bourret 1941, Tort. Indochine 38:160-161; and Taylor 1970, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 49:112-114.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BU, KH, MY, TH, VN.
COMMON NAME: Giant Asian pond turtle, Orange-headed temple terrapin.

Heosemys leytensis Taylor 1920, Philippine J. Sci. 16(2):131.

TYPE: Holotype: "An unnumbered specimen in the zoölogical laboratory, University of the Philippines," Diliman, Quezon City, later transferred to the Bureau of Science according to Taylor 1944, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 30(1):160; destroyed during World War II. Neotype: CAS 60930 designated by Buskirk 1989, Copeia (1):225-227.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Cabalian, southern Leyte," Philippines.
DISTRIBUTION: Leyte and Palawan islands, Philippines.
COMMENT: Both the holotype and paratype were destroyed during World War II. Apparently only two other specimens of this taxon ever reached museums; CAS 60930, collected from Cabalian, Leyte, shortly after the types, and UF 67515, collected from Taytay Municipality, Palawan, in 1986.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: PH.
COMMON NAME: Leyte pond turtle, Philippine pond turtle.

Heosemys silvatica Henderson 1912, Rec. Indian Mus. 7:217.

ORIGINAL NAME: Geoemyda silvatica.
TYPE: Not stated.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Near Kavalai in the Cochin State Forests, inhabiting dense forest, at an elevation of about 1500 feet above sea level," India.
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the vicinity of the type locality in southwestern India.
COMMENT: Reviewed by Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:94 (as Geoemyda silvatica); Vijaya 1982, Hamadryad 7(3):2-3; and Groombridge, Moll, and Vijaya 1983 Oryx 17:130-134.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
STATUS: Evaluated by Groombridge 1982, IUCN Amph. Rept. Red Data Book, Pt. 1:35-36, and listed as Indeterminate.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: IN.
COMMON NAME: Cochin forest cane turtle.

Heosemys spinosa (Gray 1831), Synops. Rept. Cataphracta 1:20.

ORIGINAL NAME: Emys spinosa.
TYPE: Holotype: presumed to be in BMNH, but not reported by Boulenger 1889, Cat. Chel. Rhynch. Croc. British Mus. :137.
TYPE LOCALITY: "apud Penang," Malaya.
DISTRIBUTION: From Sumatra and Borneo to west Malaysia and Thailand.
COMMENT: See Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:91-94 (as Geoemyda spinosa); Bourret 1941, Tort. Indochine 38:158-159; and Taylor 1970, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 49:111-112.
REVIEWER: E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: ID, MY, TH.
COMMON NAME: Sunburst turtle, Spiny terrapin.

Hieremys Smith 1916, J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam 2:50.

TYPE SPECIES: Cyclemys annandalii Boulenger 1903, by monotypy.
DISTRIBUTION: As for the only species.
COMMENT: Tribe Batagurini.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: KH, TH, VN.

Hieremys annandalii (Boulenger 1903), In: Annandale and Robinson, Fasc. Malay., Zool. 1:142.

ORIGINAL NAME: Cyclemys annandalii.
TYPES: 2 Syntypes: BMNH 1947.3.5.62 and 1946.1.22.67-68.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Kampong Jalor," Patani, Malaya.
DISTRIBUTION: Vietnam to southern Thailand (=Malay Peninsula).
COMMENT: Smith 1916, J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam 2:50, attempted to correct the spelling to H. annandalei, but since it could not be contributed to a typographical error, the original spelling must stand. See Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:107-109; Bourret 1941, Tort. Indochine 38:163-164; and Taylor 1970, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 49:118-121.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: KH, TH, VN.
COMMON NAME: Yellow-headed temple terrapin.

Kachuga Gray 1855, Cat. Shield Rept. British Mus. 1:35.

TYPE SPECIES: Emys kachuga Gray 1831, by tautonomy.
DISTRIBUTION: Southern Asia.
COMMENT: Tribe Batagurini. Reviewed by Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:124-133, and Bourret 1941, Tort. Indochine 38:176-177, for key and diagnoses of species.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BD, BU, IN, NP, PK.

Kachuga dhongoka (Gray 1834), Illustr. Ind. Zool. 2:Pl. 60.

ORIGINAL NAME: Emys dhongoka.
TYPE: Unknown.
TYPE LOCALITY: Unstated; restricted by Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:130, to "N. India."
DISTRIBUTION: Ganges and Brahmaputra drainages of Nepal, India, and Bangladesh.
COMMENT: Subgenus Kachuga. See Moll 1985, Soc. Study Amph. Rept./Herp. League Meeting Abstract; and Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:130-131.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BD, IN, NP.
COMMON NAME: Three-striped roof turtle, Dhongoka roof turtle.

Kachuga kachuga (Gray 1831), Illustr. Indian Zool. 1:Pl. 74.

ORIGINAL NAME: Emys kachuga.
TYPE: Unknown.
TYPE LOCALITY: "India"; restricted by Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:131, to "N. India."
DISTRIBUTION: Ganges and Brahamaputra drainages of Northern India, southern Nepal, and Bangladesh.
COMMENT: Subgenus Kachuga. See Moll 1985, Soc. Study Amph. Rept./Herp. League Meeting Abstract; Bourret 1941, Tort. Indochine 38:177-178; Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:131.
REVIEWER: E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BD, IN, NP.
COMMON NAME: Bengal roof turtle, Red-crowned roof turtle.

Kachuga smithii (Gray 1863), Proc. Zool. Soc. London :253.

ORIGINAL NAME: Batagur smithii.
TYPES: 2 Syntypes: BMNH 1947.3.4.69 and 1947.3.4.70.
TYPE LOCALITY: "North-western India: Punjab; `River Chenab'".
DISTRIBUTION: Indus drainage of Pakistan and Ganges and Brahmaputra drainages of northern India and Bangladesh.
COMMENT: Subgenus Pangshura. See Moll 1985, Soc. Study Amph. Rept./Herp. League Meeting Abstract; Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:125-126.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BD, IN, PK.
COMMON NAME: Brown river turtle, Brown roof turtle.

Kachuga sylhetensis (Jerdon 1870), Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal :69.

ORIGINAL NAME: Pangshura sylhetensis.
TYPES: 3 Syntypes: BMNH 1947.3.4.22, 1947.3.4.62, and 1947.3.4.63.
TYPE LOCALITY: Sylhet River, Khasi Hills, India.
DISTRIBUTION: Assam, India.
COMMENT: Subgenus Pangshura. See Moll 1985, Soc. Study Amph. Rept./Herp. League Meeting Abstract, and Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:129.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: IN.
COMMON NAME: Assam roof turtle.

Kachuga tecta tecta (Gray 1831). Illustration by Urs Woy. Copyright © 1989, 1997 Association of Systematics Collections.

Kachuga tecta (Gray 1831), Synops. Rept. Cataphracta 1:23.

ORIGINAL NAME: Emys tecta.
TYPE: Unknown.
TYPE LOCALITY: "India".
DISTRIBUTION: Indus drainage of Pakistan and Ganges and Brahmaputra drainages of northern India and Bangladesh.
COMMENT: Subgenus Pangshura. See Moll 1985, Soc. Study Amph. Rept./Herp. League Meeting Abstract, and Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:128. There are two subspecies recognized:

Kachuga tecta circumdata Mertens 1969, Senckenb. Biol. 50(1/2):24.

Type: SMF 52793. Type Locality: "Meerut, Indien". Distribution: Ganges and Yamuna rivers upstream from Calcutta. Status: Unlisted. Geographic Code: IN.

Kachuga tecta tecta (Gray 1831), Synops. Rept. Cataphracta 1:23.

Type: Unknown. Type Locality: "India". Distribution: Lower Ganges and Brahmaputra river systems of Bangladesh and India. Status: See Status below. Geographic Code: BD, IN.

REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
STATUS: CITES: Kachuga tecta tecta listed on Appendix I; U.S.A. Endangered Species Act: Kachuga tecta tecta listed as Endangered. See Honegger 1985, In: Dollinger, CITES Ident. Manual 3: A-301.007.019.005a:1-2.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BD, IN, PK.
COMMON NAME: Roof sawback, Indian roof turtle, Indian tent turtle, Indian sawback, Indian pond turtle.

Kachuga tentoria (Gray 1834), Proc. Zool. Soc. London :54.

ORIGINAL NAME: Emys tentoria.
TYPE: Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.72.
TYPE LOCALITY: "in Indiae Orientalis regione Dukhun [=Deccan] dicta"; restricted by Smith 1931, Fauna British India Rept. Amph. 1:128, to "Dhond, Poona Dist.," India.
DISTRIBUTION: Lower Ganges and northeastern coastal drainages of India and Bangladesh.
COMMENT: Subgenus Pangshura. See Moll 1985, Soc. Study Amph. Rept./Herp. League Meeting Abstract. Sympatric with Kachuga tecta in Bangladesh according to Pritchard 1979, Encycl. Turt. :198, and Khan 1982, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 79(1):110-116.
REVIEWER: J. Carr, E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BD, IN.
COMMON NAME: Indian tent turtle.

Kachuga trivittata (Duméril and Bibron 1835), Erpét. Gén. Hist. Nat. Rept. 2:331.

ORIGINAL NAME: Emys trivittata.
TYPES: 2 Syntypes: MNHN 7889 and 7892.
TYPE LOCALITY: "Bengale" (in error).
DISTRIBUTION: Irawaddy and Salween drainages of Burma, possibly reaching the Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.
COMMENT: Subgenus Kachuga. See Moll 1985, Soc. Study Amph. Rept./Herp. League Meeting Abstract. Reviewed by Bourret 1941, Tort. Indochine 38:178-179. See also Smith 1931, Fauna British India, Rept. Amph. 1:132-133.
REVIEWER: E. Moll.
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: BU.
COMMON NAME: Burmese roof turtle.

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